UTILIZING THE PROHIBITION OF 'TWO CONDITIONS IN ONE SALE' TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE AND BALANCE IN ISLAMIC FINANCING CONTRACTS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN
Abstract
This paper explores the jurisprudential principle of “the prohibition of two conditions in one sale” as a foundational rule in Islamic commercial law, and examines its applicability in contemporary Islamic finance contracts, particularly in the context of the Sultanate of Oman. The study is based on the assumption that overlooking or neutralizing this principle in some forms of Islamic financing may lead to contractual imbalance, potential deception, or implicit coercion—issues that contradict the objectives of Sharia in ensuring fairness and mutual consent between contracting parties. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, with the integration of inductive and comparative approaches where necessary. It analyzes the classical juristic foundations of the rule, reviews practical contract models from the Omani market, and engages with previous relevant studies. The findings indicate that the principle is not merely a historical legal restriction, but a functional mechanism to prevent complex or unjust conditions that could disrupt contractual equity. The paper recommends explicitly incorporating this principle into Omani financial legislation, strengthening the supervisory role of Sharia boards in monitoring complex contractual stipulations, and enhancing the capacity of financial professionals through comprehensive training on the objectives of Islamic contract law.
Keywords
prohibition of two conditions in one sale composite contracts Islamic finance contractual fairness.
References
- Ibn al-Qayyim, Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. (2019/1440H). Tahdhib Sunan Abi Dawud wa Idah ‘Ilalihi wa Mushkilatihi (A. al-‘Imrani & N. al-Sindi, Eds.). Riyadh: Dar ‘Ata’at al-‘Ilm; Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm. (2nd ed.)
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmad ibn ‘Abd al-Halim. (2004/1425H). Majmu‘ al-Fatawa (Collected by ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim). Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah: King Fahd Complex for Printing the Holy Qur’an.
- Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Abu ‘Umar Yusuf ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhammad. (2000/1421H). Al-Istidhkar (S. M. ‘Ata & M. ‘Ali Mu‘awwad, Eds.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
- Ibn ‘Abd al-Salam, ‘Izz al-Din ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn ‘Abd al-Salam. (2000/1421H). Al-Qawa‘id al-Kubra al-Musamma bi-Qawa‘id al-Ahkam fi Islah al-Anam (N. K. Hammad & ‘U. J. Damiriyyah, Eds.). Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
- Ibn ‘Uthaymin, Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin. (2007/1428H). Al-Sharh al-Mumti‘ ‘ala Zad al-Mustaqni‘. Dammam: Dar Ibn al-Jawzi.
- Ibn ‘Uthaymin, Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin. (2006/1427H). Fath Dhi al-Jalal wa al-Ikram bi-Sharh Bulugh al-Maram (S. M. Ramadan & Umm Isra’ bint ‘Arafah Bayyumi, Eds.). Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah li-al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘.
- Ibn Qasim, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim al-‘Asimi al-Qahtani. (1986/1406H). Al-Ihkam Sharh Usul al-Ahkam (2nd ed.). [No publisher].
- Ibn Qudamah, Muwaffaq al-Din Abu Muhammad ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi. (2004/1425H). Al-Mughni (M. Sharaf al-Din Khattab & S. M. al-Sayyid, Eds.). Cairo: Dar al-Hadith.
- Abu Ghuddah, ‘Abd al-Sattar. (2009). Athar al-Shurut fi al-‘Uqud fi al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Tatbiqatuhu al-Mu‘asirah. Proceedings of the World Conference on Islamic Economics, Malaysia.
- Central Bank of Oman. (2021). Financial Consumer Protection Regulatory Framework (FCPRF). Circular No. BM 1184, issued December 29, 2021. Muscat.
- Central Bank of Oman. (2012). Islamic Banking Regulatory Framework (IBRF). Muscat.
- al-Husayn, ‘Abd al-Salam ibn Ibrahim. (2002/1422H). Al-Qawa‘id wa al-Dawabit al-Fiqhiyyah li-al-Mu‘amalat al-Maliyyah ‘inda Ibn Taymiyyah. Cairo: Dar al-Ta’sil.
- al-Khattabi, Abu Sulayman Hamd ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim. (1932/1351H). Ma‘alim al-Sunan wa Huwa Sharh Sunan Abi Dawud. Aleppo: al-Matba‘ah al-‘Ilmiyyah.
- al-Zarqa, Mustafa Ahmad. (2004/1425H). Al-Madkhal al-Fiqhi al-‘Amm (2nd ed.). Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
- al-Salus, ‘Ali. (2003). Al-Tawarruq al-Masrifi: Haqiqatuhu, Anwa‘uhu, Hukmuhu al-Shar‘i. Majallat Majma‘ al-Fiqh al-Islami al-Duwali, 15(1).
- al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Abi Sahl, Shams al-A’immah al-Sarakhsi. (n.d.). Al-Mabsut. Egypt: Matba‘at al-Sa‘adah; Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifah. [No edition].
- al-Sha‘rawi, ‘Ayid Fadl. (2007/1428H). Al-Masarīf al-Islāmiyyah (2nd ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Basha’ir al-Islamiyyah.
- al-Shamakhi, ‘Amir ibn ‘Ali. (2004/1425H). Al-Idah (5th ed.). Muscat: Maktabat Muscat.
- al-Shawkani, Muhammad ibn ‘Ali. (2001/1422H). Nayl al-Awtar Sharh Muntaqa al-Akhbar (Ed. ‘Izz al-Din Khattab). Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
- Qanun al-Mu‘amalat al-Madaniyyah, al-Sadir bi-al-Marsum al-Sultani Raqm 29/2003. Muscat.
- al-Qarafi, Abu al-‘Abbas Ahmad ibn Idris ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman. (n.d.). al-Furuq = Anwar al-Buruq fi Anwa’ al-Furuq. Beirut: ‘Alam al-Kutub. [No edition].
- al-Qarafi, Abu al-‘Abbas Ahmad ibn Idris ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman. (1994). al-Dhakhirah (Ed. Sa‘id A‘rab). Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
- al-Qaradaghi, ‘Ali. (2010). al-Dawabit al-Shar‘iyyah li-al-‘Uqud al-Murakkabah fi al-Tamwil al-Islami. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).
- al-Mazhari, al-Husayn ibn Mahmoud ibn al-Hasan Mazhar al-Din al-Zaydani al-Shirazi. (2012/1433H). al-Mafatih fi Sharh al-Masabih (Ed. Nour al-Din Talib and team). Damascus: Dar al-Nawadir; Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Cultural Affairs Dept.
- al-Nawawi, Abu Zakariyya Muhyi al-Din ibn Sharaf. (1925–1928/1344–1347H). al-Majmu‘ Sharh al-Muhadhdhab. Cairo: Idarat al-Tiba‘ah al-Miniriyyah, Matba‘at al-Tadamun al-Ikhwani; reprint: Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
- al-Hashimi, Hamad ibn Muhammad. (2016). Athar al-Qawa‘id al-Fiqhiyyah fi Tanzim al-‘Uqud al-Maliyyah al-Islamiyyah fi al-Qanun al-‘Umani (Unpublished master’s thesis). Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
- Wali Qutah, ‘Adil ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad. (2004/1425H). al-Qawa‘id wa al-Dawabit al-Fiqhiyyah al-Qarafiyyah Zumarat al-Tamlikat al-Maliyyah. Beirut: Dar al-Basha’ir al-Islamiyyah.
UTILIZING THE PROHIBITION OF 'TWO CONDITIONS IN ONE SALE' TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE AND BALANCE IN ISLAMIC FINANCING CONTRACTS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN
Abstract
This paper explores the jurisprudential principle of “the prohibition of two conditions in one sale” as a foundational rule in Islamic commercial law, and examines its applicability in contemporary Islamic finance contracts, particularly in the context of the Sultanate of Oman. The study is based on the assumption that overlooking or neutralizing this principle in some forms of Islamic financing may lead to contractual imbalance, potential deception, or implicit coercion—issues that contradict the objectives of Sharia in ensuring fairness and mutual consent between contracting parties. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, with the integration of inductive and comparative approaches where necessary. It analyzes the classical juristic foundations of the rule, reviews practical contract models from the Omani market, and engages with previous relevant studies. The findings indicate that the principle is not merely a historical legal restriction, but a functional mechanism to prevent complex or unjust conditions that could disrupt contractual equity. The paper recommends explicitly incorporating this principle into Omani financial legislation, strengthening the supervisory role of Sharia boards in monitoring complex contractual stipulations, and enhancing the capacity of financial professionals through comprehensive training on the objectives of Islamic contract law.
Keywords
prohibition of two conditions in one sale composite contracts Islamic finance contractual fairness.
References
- Ibn al-Qayyim, Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. (2019/1440H). Tahdhib Sunan Abi Dawud wa Idah ‘Ilalihi wa Mushkilatihi (A. al-‘Imrani & N. al-Sindi, Eds.). Riyadh: Dar ‘Ata’at al-‘Ilm; Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm. (2nd ed.)
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmad ibn ‘Abd al-Halim. (2004/1425H). Majmu‘ al-Fatawa (Collected by ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim). Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah: King Fahd Complex for Printing the Holy Qur’an.
- Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Abu ‘Umar Yusuf ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhammad. (2000/1421H). Al-Istidhkar (S. M. ‘Ata & M. ‘Ali Mu‘awwad, Eds.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
- Ibn ‘Abd al-Salam, ‘Izz al-Din ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn ‘Abd al-Salam. (2000/1421H). Al-Qawa‘id al-Kubra al-Musamma bi-Qawa‘id al-Ahkam fi Islah al-Anam (N. K. Hammad & ‘U. J. Damiriyyah, Eds.). Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
- Ibn ‘Uthaymin, Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin. (2007/1428H). Al-Sharh al-Mumti‘ ‘ala Zad al-Mustaqni‘. Dammam: Dar Ibn al-Jawzi.
- Ibn ‘Uthaymin, Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin. (2006/1427H). Fath Dhi al-Jalal wa al-Ikram bi-Sharh Bulugh al-Maram (S. M. Ramadan & Umm Isra’ bint ‘Arafah Bayyumi, Eds.). Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah li-al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi‘.
- Ibn Qasim, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim al-‘Asimi al-Qahtani. (1986/1406H). Al-Ihkam Sharh Usul al-Ahkam (2nd ed.). [No publisher].
- Ibn Qudamah, Muwaffaq al-Din Abu Muhammad ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi. (2004/1425H). Al-Mughni (M. Sharaf al-Din Khattab & S. M. al-Sayyid, Eds.). Cairo: Dar al-Hadith.
- Abu Ghuddah, ‘Abd al-Sattar. (2009). Athar al-Shurut fi al-‘Uqud fi al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Tatbiqatuhu al-Mu‘asirah. Proceedings of the World Conference on Islamic Economics, Malaysia.
- Central Bank of Oman. (2021). Financial Consumer Protection Regulatory Framework (FCPRF). Circular No. BM 1184, issued December 29, 2021. Muscat.
- Central Bank of Oman. (2012). Islamic Banking Regulatory Framework (IBRF). Muscat.
- al-Husayn, ‘Abd al-Salam ibn Ibrahim. (2002/1422H). Al-Qawa‘id wa al-Dawabit al-Fiqhiyyah li-al-Mu‘amalat al-Maliyyah ‘inda Ibn Taymiyyah. Cairo: Dar al-Ta’sil.
- al-Khattabi, Abu Sulayman Hamd ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim. (1932/1351H). Ma‘alim al-Sunan wa Huwa Sharh Sunan Abi Dawud. Aleppo: al-Matba‘ah al-‘Ilmiyyah.
- al-Zarqa, Mustafa Ahmad. (2004/1425H). Al-Madkhal al-Fiqhi al-‘Amm (2nd ed.). Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
- al-Salus, ‘Ali. (2003). Al-Tawarruq al-Masrifi: Haqiqatuhu, Anwa‘uhu, Hukmuhu al-Shar‘i. Majallat Majma‘ al-Fiqh al-Islami al-Duwali, 15(1).
- al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Abi Sahl, Shams al-A’immah al-Sarakhsi. (n.d.). Al-Mabsut. Egypt: Matba‘at al-Sa‘adah; Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifah. [No edition].
- al-Sha‘rawi, ‘Ayid Fadl. (2007/1428H). Al-Masarīf al-Islāmiyyah (2nd ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Basha’ir al-Islamiyyah.
- al-Shamakhi, ‘Amir ibn ‘Ali. (2004/1425H). Al-Idah (5th ed.). Muscat: Maktabat Muscat.
- al-Shawkani, Muhammad ibn ‘Ali. (2001/1422H). Nayl al-Awtar Sharh Muntaqa al-Akhbar (Ed. ‘Izz al-Din Khattab). Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
- Qanun al-Mu‘amalat al-Madaniyyah, al-Sadir bi-al-Marsum al-Sultani Raqm 29/2003. Muscat.
- al-Qarafi, Abu al-‘Abbas Ahmad ibn Idris ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman. (n.d.). al-Furuq = Anwar al-Buruq fi Anwa’ al-Furuq. Beirut: ‘Alam al-Kutub. [No edition].
- al-Qarafi, Abu al-‘Abbas Ahmad ibn Idris ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman. (1994). al-Dhakhirah (Ed. Sa‘id A‘rab). Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
- al-Qaradaghi, ‘Ali. (2010). al-Dawabit al-Shar‘iyyah li-al-‘Uqud al-Murakkabah fi al-Tamwil al-Islami. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).
- al-Mazhari, al-Husayn ibn Mahmoud ibn al-Hasan Mazhar al-Din al-Zaydani al-Shirazi. (2012/1433H). al-Mafatih fi Sharh al-Masabih (Ed. Nour al-Din Talib and team). Damascus: Dar al-Nawadir; Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Cultural Affairs Dept.
- al-Nawawi, Abu Zakariyya Muhyi al-Din ibn Sharaf. (1925–1928/1344–1347H). al-Majmu‘ Sharh al-Muhadhdhab. Cairo: Idarat al-Tiba‘ah al-Miniriyyah, Matba‘at al-Tadamun al-Ikhwani; reprint: Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
- al-Hashimi, Hamad ibn Muhammad. (2016). Athar al-Qawa‘id al-Fiqhiyyah fi Tanzim al-‘Uqud al-Maliyyah al-Islamiyyah fi al-Qanun al-‘Umani (Unpublished master’s thesis). Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
- Wali Qutah, ‘Adil ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad. (2004/1425H). al-Qawa‘id wa al-Dawabit al-Fiqhiyyah al-Qarafiyyah Zumarat al-Tamlikat al-Maliyyah. Beirut: Dar al-Basha’ir al-Islamiyyah.
Details
| Primary Language | Arabic |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Economic Methodology, Islamic Economy |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | August 7, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | June 4, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | July 22, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Volume: 11 Issue: 32 |
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