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The Vitality & Revitalisation of Minority Language: The Case of Dusun in Brunei Darussalam

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 34 - 46, 18.04.2015

Hjh. Dyg. Fatimah Binti Hj Awg. Chuchu Najib Noorashid

https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.28921

Abstract

Language extinction or language death is a sociolinguistic phenomenon that is often discussed among linguists or speakers in general (Aitchison, 2001; Crystal, 2000; Dalby, 2003; Mufwene, 2004; Nelson, 2007; Fishman, 2002; 2007). Due to rapid globalisation, the effect of "superstratum and substratum" is inevitable (Crystal, 2003), particularly to those languages of ethnic minorities; those in Brunei Darussalam are not the exception (Martin, 1995; Noor Azam, 2005; David, Cavallaro & Coluzzi, 2009; Clynes, 2012; Coluzzi, 2012). These minority languages are inclined to endangerment due to urbanisation, education system, migrations and others, which lead to language shift, and consequently – extinction. Brunei Darussalam is a multilingual country that has diverse population and cultures which generate variations of language and dialect (Nothofer, 1991; Fatimah & Poedjosoedarmo, 1995; Azmi Abdullah, 2001; Jaludin Chuchu, 2005; David, Cavallaro & Coluzzi, 2009). Recognised as one of the seven indigenous in Brunei under the Citizenship Status laws 1961 of the Constitution of Negari Brunei 1959, Dusun ethnic is alleged to have and practice their own code of dialect. In Brunei Darussalam, all dialects and languages spoken by indigenous ethnics are regarded as minority languages, except for the dialect of Brunei Malay. By focusing on Dusun dialect, this paper discusses the current situation of its language use and perceptions among the native speakers. The current study is an extrapolation from recent fieldworks research on the Dusun code-practice by Fatimah Chuchu & Najib Noorashid (2013a; 2013b; 2013c). This paper also reviews the efforts of revitalising the Dusun dialect – facing the globalisation. Result found Dusun dialect is still being practiced as an identity marker among the older generations, but declined in use among younger generations. Nevertheless, these native speakers are still aware of the importance of their mother-tongue. Efforts to revitalise Dusun are constantly executed, and interest towards it has also increased over time.

Keywords: Language vitality, language revitalisation, language extinction, ethnic minority, Dusun, Brunei

Keywords

Language vitality language revitalisation language extinction ethnic minority Dusun Brunei

References

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Hjh. Dyg. Fatimah binti Hj Awg. Chuchu1*, Najib Noorashid2

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 34 - 46, 18.04.2015

Hjh. Dyg. Fatimah Binti Hj Awg. Chuchu Najib Noorashid

https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.28921

Abstract

References

  • Aini Haji Karim. (2007). Preposisi Bahasa Dusun dan Bahasa Melayu: Satu Analisis Kontrastif dan Analisis Kesilapan. Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
  • Aini Haji Karim. (2008). Pembentukan Kata Kerja Bahasa Dusun Di Negara Brunei Darussalam. Paper presented at the Seminar Antarabangsa Dialek-Dialek Austronesia Di Nusantara III. Chancellor Hall, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, January 24-26.
  • Aitchison, J. (2001). Language Change: Progress or decay? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Asiyah Az-Zahra Ahmad Kumpoh. (2011). Conversion to Islam: The case of the Dusun ethnic group in Brunei Darussalam. (Doctoral thesis). England: University of Leceister.
  • Austin, P. K. & Sallabank, J. (2011). Introduction. In P. K Austin dan J. Sallabank (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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  • _____________, (2000a). Bahasa: Tapak Survival Bangsa. In Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa, Vol. 1, Bandar Seri Begawan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, pp: 147-151.
  • _____________, (2000b). Bahasa Melayu dan Tarafnya di Brunei. In Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa, Vol.1, Bandar Seri Begawan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, pp: 187-190.
  • Bernstein, J. H. (1997). The deculturation of the Brunei Dusun. In R.L Winzeler (Ed.), Indigeneous Peoples and the state: Politics, Land, and Ethnicity in the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo, New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asian Studies, pp: 159-179.
  • Burnaby, B. (2007). Aboriginal Language Maintenance, Development, and Enhancement. In G. Cantoni (Ed.), Stabilizing Indigenuous Languages, NA: Nothern Arizona University, pp: 21-37.
  • Campbell, L. & Muntzel, M. (1994). Language death. In R.E Asher & J.M.Y Simpson (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 4, Oxford/New York: Pergamon, pp: 1960-1968.
  • Chong Ah Fok. (2008). Pronomin Persona Bahasa Dusun. In Proceeding of Dialek Peribumi Warisan Ketrampilan Jati Diri (Vol. 1). Paper presented at the Seminar Antarabangsa Dialek-Dialek Austronesia di Nusantara III, January 24-26, pp: 199-216.
  • Clynes, A. (2012). Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei. In Language Documentation & Conservation, Vol. 6, pp: 253-267.
  • Coluzzi, P. (2010). Iban and Lun Bawang in Brunei Darussalam: Endangered but Still Resisting. Retrieved: 12 July 2013, from http://www.mymla.org/files/icmm2010_papers/icmm2010_p55.pdf
  • Coluzzi, P. (2012). The Linguistic Landscape of Brunei Darussalam: Minority Languages and The Threshold of Literacy in South East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 12, pp: 1-16.
  • -
  • Coluzzi, P. (2013). Language Planning for The Minority Language in Brunei. In proceeding of Kepelbagaian Bahasa di Borneo: Bahasa sebagai Mozaik Sosial, Ekonomi dan Budaya. Paper presented at the Forum of Kepelbagaian Bahasa di Borneo, Rizqun International Hotel, Brunei, August 28-29.
  • Crawford, J. (2007). Seven Hypotheses on Language Loss: Causes and Cures. In G. Cantoni (Ed.), Stabilizing Indigenuous Languages, NA: Nothern Arizona University, pp: 45-60.
  • Crystal, D. (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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  • Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd Edition), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Dalby, A. (2003). Language in Danger, London: Penguin.
  • David, M. K., Cavallaro, F., & Coluzzi, P. (2009). Language Policies – Impact on Language Maintenance and Teaching: Focus on Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and The Phillipines. In F. Cavallaro, A. Milde & P. Sercombe (Eds.) The Linguistic Journals, September Issue, pp: 155-191.
  • Dayangku Rosenani Pengiran Halus. (2009). Pengimbuhan dan Fungsi Kata Kerja dan Kata Nama dalam Bahasa Dusun Merangking, Mukim Bukit Sawat, Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
  • Derhemi, E. (2002). Thematic Introduction: Protecting Endangered Minority Languages: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. In International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), Vol. 4, No.2, pp: 150-161.
  • Dorian, N. C. (1977). The problem of the semi-speaker in language death. In International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 12, pp: 23-32.
  • Dorian, N. C. (2009). Sociolinguistic Dimensions of Language Death. In N.Coupland & A. Jaworski (Eds.), The New Sociolinguistics Reader. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp: 541-559.
  • Fatimah Chuchu. (2009). Bahasa Dalam and Malay Speech Etiquette in Brunei Darussalam, Brunei: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
  • Fatimah Chuchu. (2011). Pengekalan Bahasa-Bahasa Minoriti Semenjak Tertubuhnya Malaysia Pada 16 September 1963. In Pembentukan Malaysia: Isu dan Perdebatan. Shah Alam: Pusat Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA), Universiti Teknologi Mara, pp: 319-325.
  • Fatimah Chuchu & Najib Noorashid. (2013a). Code Choice within Intercultural Communication among Ethnic Minorities in Brunei Darussalam. Paper presented at the Seminar Antarabangsa Penyelidikan Mengenai Melayu, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, of Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) Universiti Brunei Darussalam and University of Goethe, Frankfurt, March 29-31.
  • Fatimah Chuchu & Najib Noorashid. (2013b). Code Choice within Intercultural Communication among Ethnic Minorities in Brunei Darussalam: An Extended Research. In proceeding of the International Symposium on Language and Communication: Exploring Novelties, Vol. 3. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Language and Communication, Izmir University, Turkey, June 17-19.
  • Fatimah Chuchu & Najib Noorashid. (2013c). Language choice & co-construction of solidarity within interethnic communication in Kiudang/Mungkom. In proceeding of the International Conference on Languages, Linguistics and Society. Paper presented at the International Conference on Languages, Linguistics and Society, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, October 22-24.
  • Fatimah Chuchu & Poedjosoedarmo, S. (1995). Triglossia among the People of Brunei. In Purih: Sempena Sepuluh Tahun Penubuhan UBD, Tungku Link: Universiti Brunei Darussalam, pp: 93-100.
  • Fasold, R. W. (1984). The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Finaz Daniel. (20 August 2010), Preserving a Fading Language. In The Brunei Times.
  • Fishman, J. A. (1989). Language and ethnics in minority sociolinguistic perspectives. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
  • Fishman, J. A. (1991a). Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Fishman, J. A. (Ed.) (1991b). Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing language shift, revisited: A 21st Century Perspective, Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Fishman, J. A. (2002). Endangered Minority Languages: Prospects for Sociolinguistic Research. In International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), Vol. 4, No.2, pp: 270-275.
  • Fishman, J. A. (2007). Maintaining languages: What works and what doesn't. In Gina Cantoni (Ed.), Stabilizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University.
  • Giles, H., Bourhis, R.Y., & Taylor, D.M.. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In H. Giles (Ed.), Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London/New York: Academic Press, pp: 307-348.
  • Gunn, G. C. (1997). Language, Power, & Ideology in Brunei Darussalam, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
  • Hale, K., Krauss, M., Watahomigie, L., Anamoto, A., Craig, C., Masayesva, L., & England, N. (1992). Endangered Languages. In Language 68, pp: 1-42.
  • Hassan Salikin. (13 November 1991). Cabaran sebagai lingua franca. In Borneo Bulletin.
  • Jaap de Ruiter, J., Saidi, R., & Spotti, M. (2009). Teaching Minority Languages: The Case of Arabic in Europe, Netherlands: Tilburg University. Retrieved: 28 July 2013, from http://www.plusvalor.eu/download/nl/Plusvalor-bookletEnglish-finalfebr10.pdf.
  • Jaludin Chuchu. (2005). Ragam-Ragam Dialek Melayu Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
  • Kershaw, E. (1994). Final shifts; Some why’s and how’s of Brunei-Dusun convergence on Malay. In P. W. Martin (Ed.), Shifting patterns of language use in Borneo, Williamsburg: Borneo Research Council, pp: 179-194.
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There are 82 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hjh. Dyg. Fatimah Binti Hj Awg. Chuchu

Najib Noorashid

Publication Date April 18, 2015
Submission Date March 28, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

EndNote Chuchu HDFBHA, Noorashid N (April 1, 2015) The Vitality & Revitalisation of Minority Language: The Case of Dusun in Brunei Darussalam. IJASOS- International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences 1 1 34–46.

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