WAYS TO EXPLICATE COURTESY PRINCIPLES IN THE CHUVASH, MARI, RUSSIAN AND FRENCH LANGUAGES

This research is carried out in the framework of such related sciences as cultural linguistics, pragmatics, comparative linguistics, and discourse studies. The increasing role of communication, as well as the dialogue of cultures contribute to the relevance of the work. Speech interaction is a universal means regulates the courtesy. It expresses good manners and awareness of etiquette as well as it manifests sincere benevolence towards people. The authors of this article consider different approaches to the study of the courtesy category. The courtesy is defined as a pragmalinguistic category represented in different linguistic cultures. Courtesy markers in different structural languages, namely in Chuvash, Mari, Russian and French, have been defined in the article. The courtesy principles and their verbal means of expression at the lexical and grammatical levels have been analyzed. The examples of interrogative and narrative constructions as courtesy markers typical of these linguistic cultures’ representatives have been considered. Ethnocultural courtesy markers characteristic of a particular linguistic culture have been revealed when analyzing the dialogical texts on the material of the Chuvash, Mari, Russian and French languages. Linguistic means of courtesy explication have been compared. The frequency of their usage in these languages has been stated. The authors stress that four cultures under consideration treat courtesy as respect for other participants in communication. Communicants express respect for each other through speech units. There is a great deal of lexical and grammatical means for courtesy principles explication in dialogical texts of modern Chuvash, Mari, Russian and French authors under analysis.