RETHINKING ACADEMIC AUTHORSHIP PROTECTION IN THE ERA OF OPEN SCIENCE AND OPEN ACCESS

The topic of this study is driven by the need to reconsider concepts, norms and tools in the field of academic authorship protection, which, in the era of open science and open access, would allow not only to introduce restrictive measures, but also to maintain a balance between the interests of copyright holders and users and provide authors with a wider range of opportunities to research, publish and disseminate the results of their scientific works. Changes in the nature and essence of modern science, pace of its development, content of new scientific knowledge and forms of protection of academic authorship are influenced by both external and internal factors. It has been established that external (extra-academic or extra-scientific) socio-cultural and economic factors in the development of science are not constant, but are always associated with the progress of society. At the present stage, these factors primarily reflect the impact of such processes as globalization, internationalization, integration, technologization and digital transformation. The main trends in the development of science also arise under the influence of internal (intra-academic or intra-scientific) intellectual factors that contribute to the emergence of original ideas, motivate individual scientists to create new theoretical knowledge and practice-oriented innovations, encourage them to seek adaptive channels that allow them to communicate and disseminate the results of their research, thus realizing the basic ideals of scientific cognition. Together, these external and internal factors are generating an acute social demand for organizational and financial models, methods and technologies, as well as ethical standards and legal means to protect academic authorship that did not exist before. We conducted our study in light of the evolving paradigm of "Open Science" with all its attributes (open access, transparency, inclusion, etc.) aimed at popularization, openness, accessibility and benefits of academic/scientific research (e.g., data collection, data analysis, variables, samples, software, publications, dissemination of findings, etc.) to all members of society, whether amateur or professional. The UNESCO recommendations, enshrined in 2021, articulated the key values and guiding principles of "Open Science", namely open scientific knowledge, open scientific infrastructure, open scientific communication, open collaboration between scientists and those outside the academic community, open dialog with different knowledge systems, etc. Studying the materials presented by UNESCO and other earlier documents proclaiming and even promoting the principles of open access to academic and scientific journals and literature (e.g., Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002; Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, 2003, etc.), we came to conclusion that advancement of the best ideas of open science in Russian society is impossible without certain educational work with university teachers, scientists and persons outside the academic community, as well as without legal support and reconsideration of approaches to protection of the rights of authors. The purpose of this article is to clarify the conceptual apparatus of "Open Science"; reveal the features of "Open Science", its principles and attributes; identify external and internal factors influencing modern science and establish directions for its development; systematize the forms of possible violations of the rights of authors (e.g., unfair borrowings, academic fraud, plagiarism, etc.) and ways to protect academic authorship from the point of view of legal regulation, possibilities of the Creative Commons open license and in the context of the development of information and digital technologies that provide easy access to the network and Internet resources. This article might be of interest to university teachers, educators, methodologists and researchers.