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Research Article
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Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 28, 74 - 84, 03.05.2024

Noor Ul Huda , Khadija Malik Aisha Ateeq

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987641

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, I., Prigerson, H., Silverman, G. K., Saxena, A. K., Maciejewski, P. K., Jacobs, S. C.,
  • Hamirani, M. (2002). Rates and Risks of Complicated Grief among Psychiatr Clinic Patients in Karachi, Pakistan. Death Studies, 26(10), 781-792. doi:10.1080/07481180290106571
  • Anderson A. J. (2010). Anger, forgiveness, and the goal of distal reconciliation: Predictors of complicated grief reactions to suicide-related bereavement (Doctoral Thesis). SeattlePacific University, USA: Available from EBSCOhost psyh database Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2010-99220380&site=ehost-live.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2022
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Bryant, R. A., Kenny, L., Joscelyne, A., Rawson, N., Maccallum, F., Cahill, C., Nickerson, A. (2014). Treating Prolonged Grief Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(12), 1332. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1600
  • Buckley, T., Sunari, D., Marshall, A., Bartrop, R., McKinley, S., & Tofler, G. (2012). Physiological correlates of bereavement and the impact of bereavement interventions. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 14(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/tbuckley
  • Burke, L., Neimeyer, R. A., & McDevitt-Murphy, M. E. (2010). African American homicide bereavement: Aspects of social support that predict complicated grief, PTSD, and depression. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 61(1), 1–24.
  • Cacciatore, J., Thieleman, K., Fretts, R., & Jackson, L. B. (2021). What is good grief support? Exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PloS one, 16(5), e0252324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252324
  • Chen, J. H., Bierhals, A. J., Prigerson, H. G., Kasl, S. V., Mazure, C. M., & Jacobs, S. (1999). Gender differences in the effects of bereavement-related psychological distress in health outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 29(2) 367-380. Doi:10.1017/s0033291798008137
  • Claycomb, M. A., Charak, R., Kaplow, J., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., & Elhai, J. D. (2015).Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Symptom Domains Relate Differentially to PTSD and Depression: A Study of War-Exposed Bosnian Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(7), 1361- 1373. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0107-7
  • Craske, M. G. (2003). Origins of phobias and anxiety disorders : why more women than men?. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Creighton, G. M., Oliffe, J. L., McMillan, E., & Saewyc, E. M. (2015). Living for the moment: men situating risk-taking after the death of a friend. Sociology of health & illness, 37(3), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/14679566.12194
  • Cousins, C., Servaty-Seib, H., & Lockman, J. (2014). College Student Adjustment and Coping for Bereaved and Nonbereaved College Students. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 74(4), 1-24. doi:10.1037/e563502014-001
  • Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–218
  • Gamal, E., Saeed, S. B., Victor, A., & Long, T. (2018). Prolonged Grief Disorder and Its Relationship with Perceived Social Support and Depression among University Students. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(2), 44-51. Doi: 10.3928/02793695-20181023-03
  • Heeke, C., Kampisiou, C., Niemeyer, H., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of correlates of prolonged grief disorder in adults exposed to violent loss. European journal of psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1583524. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1583524
  • Illene N. Cupit, Heather L. Servaty-Seib, Sara Tedrick Parikh, Andrea C. Walker & Ryan Martin (2016) College and the grieving student: A mixed-methods analysis, Death Studies, 40:8, 494-506, DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2016.1181687
  • Jordan, A. H., & Litz, B. T. (2014). "Prolonged grief disorder: Diagnostic, assessment and treatment considerations". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(5), 394-394. doi:10.1037/a0037984
  • Kakarala, S. E., Roberts, K. E., Rogers, M., Coats, T., Falzarano, F., Gang, J., Chilov, M., Avery, J., Maciejewski, P. K., Lichtenthal, W. G., & Prigerson, H. G. (2020). The neurobiological reward system in Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD): A systematic review. Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging, 303, 111135
  • Kristensen, P., Lars, W., & Heir, T. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief after a natural disaster: A population study two years after the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami. Death Studies, 34(2), 137–150.
  • Keyes, K. M., Pratt, C., Galea, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., & Shear, M. K. (2014). The burden of loss: unexpected death of a loved one and psychiatric disorders across the life course in a national study. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(8), 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081132
  • Liew, H. Chye, & Servaty-Seib, L. Heather, (2018) College student grief, grief differences, family communication, and family satisfaction, Death Studies, 42:4, 228-238, DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1334014
  • Lundorff, M., Bonanno, G. A., Johannsen, M., & O'Connor, M. (2020). Are there gender differences in prolonged grief trajectories? A registry-sampled cohort study. Journal of psychiatric research, 129, 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.030
  • Mash, H. B., Fullerton, C. S., Shear, M. K., & Ursano, R. J. (2014). Complicated Grief and Depression in Young Adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(7), 539-543. doi:10.1097/nmd.000000000000015
  • Mitchell A. M., Kim Y., Prigerson H. G., & Mortimer-Stephens M. (2004). Complicated grief in survivors of suicide. Crisis, 25(1), 12–18
  • Morina, N., Rudari, V., Bleichhardt, G., & Prigerson, H. G. (2010). Prolonged Grief Disorder, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Bereaved Kosovar Civilian War Survivors: A Preliminary Investigation. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(3), 288-297. doi:10.1177/0020764008101638
  • Oconnor, M., Wellisch, D. K., Stanton, A. L., Eisenberger, N. I., Irwin, M. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008). Craving love? Enduring grief activates brains reward center. NeuroImage,42(2), https://doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.256969972.
  • Olff M., Langeland W., Draijer N., & Gersons B. P. (2007). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 183
  • Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Boanno, G. A. (2013). Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric Validation of Criteria Proposed for DSM V and ICD-11. Plos Med, 6(8)
  • Rheingold, A. A., & Williams, J. L. (2015). Survivors of homicide: Mental health outcomes, social support, and service use among a community-based sample. Violence and Victims, 30(5), 870–883.
  • Riley, A. G., Mulé, C. M., Lerner, D., Belter, L., O’Toole, C. M., Kowal, S., Fox, D., Shapouri, S., Vesel, T., & Lavelle, T. A. (2023). Assessing the impact of grief on quality of life, work productivity, and health outcomes for parents bereaved from SMA: A study protocol. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 21(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-023 00465-5
  • Riggo, R. E.,Watring, K. P., & Throckmorton, B. (1993). Social skills, social support, and psychological adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 275-280.
  • Schaal, S., Jacob, N., Dusingizemungu, J., & Elbert, T. (2010). Rates and risks for prolonged grief disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1). doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-55
  • Sung, S. C., Dryman, M. T., Marks, E., Shear, M. K., Ghesquiere, A., Fava, M., & Simon, N. M. (2011). Complicated grief among individuals with major depression: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated features. Journal of affective disorders, 134(1-3), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.017
  • Vanderwerker, L. C., & Prigerson, H. G. (2004). Social Support and Technological Connectedness as Protective Factors in Bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9(1), 45-57. doi:10.1080/15325020490255304
  • Varga, M. A., Mcclam, T. M., & Hassane, S. (2015). Grief Experiences among Female American and Arab Undergraduate College Students. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 72(2), 165-183. doi:10.1177/0030222815574834
  • Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., & Tiggemann, M. (1992). Social Support and Psychological Well Being in Young Adults: The Multi-Dimensional Support Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,58(1), 198-210. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5801_17
  • Wagø, S. S., Byrkjedal, I. K., Sinnes, H. M., Hystad, S. W., & Dyregrov, K. (2017). Social support and complicated grief: A longitudinal study on bereaved parents after the Utøya terror attack in Norway. Scandinavian Psychologist, 4. doi:10.15714/scandpsychol.4.e10
  • Wenn, J., Oconnor, M., Breen, L. J., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2015). Efficacy of metacognitive therapy for prolonged grief disorder: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open, 5(12). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007221
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). Multidimensional Survey of Perceived Social Support. PsycTESTS Dataset. doi:10.1037/t02380-000
  • Zisook, S., & Shear, K. (2009). Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know. World psychiatry, 8(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00217.x

PROLONGED GRIEF AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG BEREAVED YOUNG ADULTS

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 28, 74 - 84, 03.05.2024

Noor Ul Huda , Khadija Malik Aisha Ateeq

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987641

Abstract

The present study investigated the relation between prolonged grief and social support among bereaved young adults. A sample of 180; age range 18-30 (M=22.07, SD=3.735) bereaved young adults through purposive sampling were approached for this study. Using a correlational study design, it was hypothesized that there is a relationship between prolonged grief and social support. Additionally, prolonged grief differs with social support by the gender and relationship with the deceased. Risk of Prolonged Grief was assessed using PG-13 and Social Support was measured using Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Results demonstrate a significant gender difference in Prolonged Grief where women were more vulnerable to prolonged grief in comparison to men. A significant negative correlation between Prolonged Grief and Social Support (Friends, Family and Significant Others) was observed meaning higher levels of social support may be associated with lower levels of Prolonged Grief. A two way Multivariate Analysis of Variance illustrated a significant mean difference between gender, relationship to deceased and combined dependent variable (PG-13 & MSPSS). Findings draw attention to the unique experience of bereavement among young adults from a university in Pakistan. Implications for clinicians and researchers help understand the possible risk and vulnerability for young adults who lose close loved ones and have less social support to get through this difficult time. The findings are significant in understanding how someone experiencing extreme form of grief may benefit from social support.

Keywords

Prolonged Grief Social Support Bereavement

Ethical Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with principles and standards of research by the American Psychological Association.

Supporting Institution

Forman Christian College (A Chartered University)

Thanks

I would like to acknowledge Forman Ewing Memorial Library Staff, Ms Jannat Tabri and Mr Isfahan Alvi for their support in the completion of this project.

References

  • Ahmed, I., Prigerson, H., Silverman, G. K., Saxena, A. K., Maciejewski, P. K., Jacobs, S. C.,
  • Hamirani, M. (2002). Rates and Risks of Complicated Grief among Psychiatr Clinic Patients in Karachi, Pakistan. Death Studies, 26(10), 781-792. doi:10.1080/07481180290106571
  • Anderson A. J. (2010). Anger, forgiveness, and the goal of distal reconciliation: Predictors of complicated grief reactions to suicide-related bereavement (Doctoral Thesis). SeattlePacific University, USA: Available from EBSCOhost psyh database Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2010-99220380&site=ehost-live.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2022
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Bryant, R. A., Kenny, L., Joscelyne, A., Rawson, N., Maccallum, F., Cahill, C., Nickerson, A. (2014). Treating Prolonged Grief Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(12), 1332. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1600
  • Buckley, T., Sunari, D., Marshall, A., Bartrop, R., McKinley, S., & Tofler, G. (2012). Physiological correlates of bereavement and the impact of bereavement interventions. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 14(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/tbuckley
  • Burke, L., Neimeyer, R. A., & McDevitt-Murphy, M. E. (2010). African American homicide bereavement: Aspects of social support that predict complicated grief, PTSD, and depression. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 61(1), 1–24.
  • Cacciatore, J., Thieleman, K., Fretts, R., & Jackson, L. B. (2021). What is good grief support? Exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PloS one, 16(5), e0252324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252324
  • Chen, J. H., Bierhals, A. J., Prigerson, H. G., Kasl, S. V., Mazure, C. M., & Jacobs, S. (1999). Gender differences in the effects of bereavement-related psychological distress in health outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 29(2) 367-380. Doi:10.1017/s0033291798008137
  • Claycomb, M. A., Charak, R., Kaplow, J., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., & Elhai, J. D. (2015).Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Symptom Domains Relate Differentially to PTSD and Depression: A Study of War-Exposed Bosnian Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(7), 1361- 1373. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0107-7
  • Craske, M. G. (2003). Origins of phobias and anxiety disorders : why more women than men?. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Creighton, G. M., Oliffe, J. L., McMillan, E., & Saewyc, E. M. (2015). Living for the moment: men situating risk-taking after the death of a friend. Sociology of health & illness, 37(3), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/14679566.12194
  • Cousins, C., Servaty-Seib, H., & Lockman, J. (2014). College Student Adjustment and Coping for Bereaved and Nonbereaved College Students. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 74(4), 1-24. doi:10.1037/e563502014-001
  • Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–218
  • Gamal, E., Saeed, S. B., Victor, A., & Long, T. (2018). Prolonged Grief Disorder and Its Relationship with Perceived Social Support and Depression among University Students. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(2), 44-51. Doi: 10.3928/02793695-20181023-03
  • Heeke, C., Kampisiou, C., Niemeyer, H., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of correlates of prolonged grief disorder in adults exposed to violent loss. European journal of psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1583524. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1583524
  • Illene N. Cupit, Heather L. Servaty-Seib, Sara Tedrick Parikh, Andrea C. Walker & Ryan Martin (2016) College and the grieving student: A mixed-methods analysis, Death Studies, 40:8, 494-506, DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2016.1181687
  • Jordan, A. H., & Litz, B. T. (2014). "Prolonged grief disorder: Diagnostic, assessment and treatment considerations". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(5), 394-394. doi:10.1037/a0037984
  • Kakarala, S. E., Roberts, K. E., Rogers, M., Coats, T., Falzarano, F., Gang, J., Chilov, M., Avery, J., Maciejewski, P. K., Lichtenthal, W. G., & Prigerson, H. G. (2020). The neurobiological reward system in Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD): A systematic review. Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging, 303, 111135
  • Kristensen, P., Lars, W., & Heir, T. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief after a natural disaster: A population study two years after the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami. Death Studies, 34(2), 137–150.
  • Keyes, K. M., Pratt, C., Galea, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., & Shear, M. K. (2014). The burden of loss: unexpected death of a loved one and psychiatric disorders across the life course in a national study. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(8), 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081132
  • Liew, H. Chye, & Servaty-Seib, L. Heather, (2018) College student grief, grief differences, family communication, and family satisfaction, Death Studies, 42:4, 228-238, DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1334014
  • Lundorff, M., Bonanno, G. A., Johannsen, M., & O'Connor, M. (2020). Are there gender differences in prolonged grief trajectories? A registry-sampled cohort study. Journal of psychiatric research, 129, 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.030
  • Mash, H. B., Fullerton, C. S., Shear, M. K., & Ursano, R. J. (2014). Complicated Grief and Depression in Young Adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(7), 539-543. doi:10.1097/nmd.000000000000015
  • Mitchell A. M., Kim Y., Prigerson H. G., & Mortimer-Stephens M. (2004). Complicated grief in survivors of suicide. Crisis, 25(1), 12–18
  • Morina, N., Rudari, V., Bleichhardt, G., & Prigerson, H. G. (2010). Prolonged Grief Disorder, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Bereaved Kosovar Civilian War Survivors: A Preliminary Investigation. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(3), 288-297. doi:10.1177/0020764008101638
  • Oconnor, M., Wellisch, D. K., Stanton, A. L., Eisenberger, N. I., Irwin, M. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008). Craving love? Enduring grief activates brains reward center. NeuroImage,42(2), https://doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.256969972.
  • Olff M., Langeland W., Draijer N., & Gersons B. P. (2007). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 183
  • Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Boanno, G. A. (2013). Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric Validation of Criteria Proposed for DSM V and ICD-11. Plos Med, 6(8)
  • Rheingold, A. A., & Williams, J. L. (2015). Survivors of homicide: Mental health outcomes, social support, and service use among a community-based sample. Violence and Victims, 30(5), 870–883.
  • Riley, A. G., Mulé, C. M., Lerner, D., Belter, L., O’Toole, C. M., Kowal, S., Fox, D., Shapouri, S., Vesel, T., & Lavelle, T. A. (2023). Assessing the impact of grief on quality of life, work productivity, and health outcomes for parents bereaved from SMA: A study protocol. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 21(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-023 00465-5
  • Riggo, R. E.,Watring, K. P., & Throckmorton, B. (1993). Social skills, social support, and psychological adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 275-280.
  • Schaal, S., Jacob, N., Dusingizemungu, J., & Elbert, T. (2010). Rates and risks for prolonged grief disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1). doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-55
  • Sung, S. C., Dryman, M. T., Marks, E., Shear, M. K., Ghesquiere, A., Fava, M., & Simon, N. M. (2011). Complicated grief among individuals with major depression: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated features. Journal of affective disorders, 134(1-3), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.017
  • Vanderwerker, L. C., & Prigerson, H. G. (2004). Social Support and Technological Connectedness as Protective Factors in Bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9(1), 45-57. doi:10.1080/15325020490255304
  • Varga, M. A., Mcclam, T. M., & Hassane, S. (2015). Grief Experiences among Female American and Arab Undergraduate College Students. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 72(2), 165-183. doi:10.1177/0030222815574834
  • Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., & Tiggemann, M. (1992). Social Support and Psychological Well Being in Young Adults: The Multi-Dimensional Support Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,58(1), 198-210. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5801_17
  • Wagø, S. S., Byrkjedal, I. K., Sinnes, H. M., Hystad, S. W., & Dyregrov, K. (2017). Social support and complicated grief: A longitudinal study on bereaved parents after the Utøya terror attack in Norway. Scandinavian Psychologist, 4. doi:10.15714/scandpsychol.4.e10
  • Wenn, J., Oconnor, M., Breen, L. J., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2015). Efficacy of metacognitive therapy for prolonged grief disorder: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open, 5(12). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007221
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). Multidimensional Survey of Perceived Social Support. PsycTESTS Dataset. doi:10.1037/t02380-000
  • Zisook, S., & Shear, K. (2009). Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know. World psychiatry, 8(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00217.x
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cultural Psychology, Social and Personality Psychology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Noor Ul Huda 0009-0000-9760-692X

Khadija Malik

Aisha Ateeq

Early Pub Date April 20, 2024
Publication Date May 3, 2024
Submission Date February 6, 2024
Acceptance Date March 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 28

Cite

EndNote Ul Huda N, Malik K, Ateeq A (May 1, 2024) PROLONGED GRIEF AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG BEREAVED YOUNG ADULTS. IJASOS- International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences 10 28 74–84.
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