Optimum Performans Antrenmanı, Dairesel Kuvvet Antrenmanı ve Yüksek Şiddetli İnterval Antrenmanın Testosteron, Kortizol ve Büyüme Hormonuna Akut Etkilerinin İncelenmesi
Öz
Çalışmanın amacı optimum performans antrenmanı, dairesel kuvvet antrenmanı ve yüksek şiddetli interval antrenmanın testosteron, kortizol ve büyüme hormonu (BH)’na akut etkilerini incelemektedir. Çalışmaya en az 4 yıldır kuvvet antrenmanlarında deneyimli, kronik ya da herhangi bir sağlık sorunu bulunmayan gönüllü 12 kişi (6 kadın, 6 erkek) katılmıştır. Katılımcılar kota örneklem tekniyle her grupta 2 kadın 2 erkek olacak şekilde optimal performans antrenmanı, dairesel kuvvet antrenmanı ve yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman gruplarından birine basit rastgele yöntemle atandıkları antrenmanı yapmışlardır. Hormonların antrenman öncesi ve sonrası akut etkilerini görebilmek için venöz kan alımı yöntemiyle testosteron, kortizol ve büyüme hormonu için birer tüp kan alınmış ve laboratuvarda plazmalarına ayrılarak hormonlar analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin istatistiki ön-test ve son-test karşılaştırmaları Wilcoxon işaretli sıra testiyle analiz edilmiştir. Anlamlılık düzeyi p≤0.05 alınmıştır. Ön-test son-test karşılaştırmalarında hiçbir grupta istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır. Akut antrenman etkisine dayalı testosteron, kortizol ve BH seviyelerini belirlemek için daha fazla katılımcılı örneklem grupları ve özellikle farklı şiddet ve hacimler içeren antrenman yöntemlerinin endokrin etkileri üzerine ayrıntılı çalışmalara gereksinim vardır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Optimum performans antrenmanı Dairesel kuvvet antrenmanı Yüksek şiddetli interval antrenmanı Testosteron Kortizol Büyüme hormonu
Etik Beyan
Bu makalede araştırma sürecinde, dergi yazım kurallarına, yayın ilkelerine, araştırma ve yayın etiği kurallarına, dergi etik kurallarına uyulmuştur. Makale ile ilgili doğabilecek her türlü ihlallerde sorumluluk yazara aittir. 11.07.2023 tarihli ve 2023/26 sayılı İstanbul Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Etik Kurul onayı alınmıştır
Kaynakça
- 1. Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, McCormick M, Nindl BC, Volek JS, Gotshalk LA, Fleck SJ, Campbell WW, Gordon SE, Farrell PA, Evans WJ. Acute hormonal responses to heavy resistance exercise in younger and older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998;77:206-211.
- 2. Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements. Sports Med. 2010;40(12):1037-1053.
- 3. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35(4):339-361.
- 4. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(4):674-688.
- 5. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Physiology of resistance training: current issues. Orthop Phys Ther Clin N Am. 2000;9(4):467-513.
- 6. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kauhanen H, Komi PV. Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years. J Appl Physiol. 1987;65(6):2406-2412.
- 7. Saad F, Aversa A, Isidori AM, Gooren LJ. Testosterone as potential effective therapy in treatment of obesity in men with testosterone deficiency: A review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2011;7(3):159-164.
- 8. Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ, Dziados JE, Harman EA, Marchitelli LJ, Gordon SE, Mello R, Frykman PN, Koziris LP, Triplett NT. Changes in hormonal concentrations after different heavy-resistance exercise protocols in women. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993;75(2):594-604.
- 9. Haff GG, Lehmkuhl MJ, McCoy LB, Stone MH, Carlock JM, Hartman MJ. Hormonal response patterns to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with different exercise orders. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(3):628-636.
- 10. Kraemer WJ, Gordon SE, Fleck SJ, Marchitelli LJ, Mello R, Dziados JE, Friedl K, Harman E, Maresh C, Fry AC. Endogenous anabolic hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise in males and females. Int J Sports Med. 1991;13(3):228-235.
- 11. Godfrey RJ, Madgwick Z, Whyte GP. The exercise-induced growth hormone response in athletes. Sports Med. 2003;33(8):599-613.
- 12. Alan R, Doe J, Smith T, Johnson A. The effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular performance: A systematic review. J Exerc Sci. 2014;6(2):125-140.
- 13. Bunchheit T, Laursen P. Short-duration maximal-intensity interval training improves aerobic performance in endurance athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(3):332-337.
- 14. Boutcher SH. High-intensity intermittent exercise and fat loss. J Obes. 2011;868305.
- 15. Hemmatinafar A, Fathi M, Ziaaldini MM. Effect of 8 weeks of HIIT on hepatic enzyme levels, lipid profile and body composition in overweight young men. Obesity Med. 2020;18:100233
- 16. Hackney AC, Hosick KP, Myer A, Rubin DA, Battaglini CL. Testosterone responses to intensive interval versus steady-state endurance exercise. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(11):1239-1245.
- 17. Hackney AC, Hosick KP, Myer A, Rubin DA, Battaglini CL, Hackney TC. Testosterone responses to intensive interval versus steady-state endurance exercise. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2012;35(11):947-950.
- 18. Hill EE, Zack E, Battaglini C, Viru M, Viru A, Hackney AC. Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect. J Endocr Innvest. 2008;31(7):587-591.
- 19. Gorostiaga EM, Izquierdo M, Iturralde P, Ruesta M, Ibanez J. Effects of heavy resistance training on maximal and explosive force production, endurance and serum hormones in adolescent handball players. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999;80:485-493.
- 20. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(3):501-528.
- 21. Bowers RW, Seger Y, Vallabhajosula S. The effects of circuit training on body composition and performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(4):1100-1114.
- 22. Brown LE. (2014). Conditioning for Strength and Human Performance. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- 23. Ozaki H, Yasuda T, Ogasawara R, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Naito H, Abe T. Effects of high-intensity and blood flow-restricted low-intensity resistance training on carotid arterial compliance: role of blood pressure during training sessions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113:167–174.
- 24. Fatouros I, Chatzinikolaou A, Paltoglou G, Petridou A, Avloniti A, Jamurtas A, Goussetis E, Mitrakou A, Mougios V, Lazaropoulou C, Margeli A, Papassotiriou I, Mastorakos G. Acute resistance exercise results in catecholaminergic rather than hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis stimulation during exercise in young men. Stress. 2010;13(6):461-468.
- 25. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kauhanen H, Komi PV. Neuromuscular and hormonal responses in elite athletes to two successive strength training sessions in one day. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;57(3):133-139.
- 26. West DW, Burd NA, Coffey VG, Baker SK, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Moore DR. Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;94(3):795-803.
- 27. Kruel, LFM. A comparison of two rest intervals for biceps brachii muscle training. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(6):1700-1703.
- 28. Baumgartner TA, Oh S, Chung H, Hales D. Objectivity, reliability, and validity for a revised push-up test protocol. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2002;6(4):225-242
- 29. Chimera NJ, Knoeller S, Cooper R, Kothe N, Smith C, Warren M. Prediction of Functional Movement Screen™ performance from lower extremity range of motion and core tests. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(2):173-181.
- 30. Wood TM, Maddalozzo GF, Harter RA. Accuracy of seven equations for predicting 1-RM performance of apparently healthy, sedentary older adults. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2002;6(2):67-94.
- 31. Hansen S, Kvorning T, Kjaer M, Sjøgaard G, The Mechanic R. The effect of short-term strength training on human skeletal muscle: the importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001;11(6):347-354.
- 32. Ballor DL, Becque MD, Katch VL. Metabolic responses during hydraulic and resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:363-367.
- 33. Brownlee KK, Moore AW, Hackney AC. Relationship between circulating cortisol and testosterone: influence of physical exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2005;4(1):76.
- 34. Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Jasper MA, Davies B, Graham MR, Bulloch JM, Baker JS. Concentrations of salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A after supra-maximal exercise in female adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(12):1361-1368.
- 35. Rudolph DL, McAuley E. Cortisol and affective responses to exercise. J Sports Sci. 1998;16(2):121-128.
- 36. Jacks DE, Sowash J, Anning J, McGloughlin T, Andres F. Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol. J Strength Cond Res. 2002;16(2):286-289.
Investigation of Acute Effects of Optimum Performance Training, Circuit Strength Training and High Intensity Interval Training to Testosterone, Cortisol and Growth Hormone
Öz
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of optimum performance training, circuit strength training and high-intensity interval training on acute testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone (GH). Twelve volunteers (6 women and 6 men) who had at least 4 years of experience in strength training and had no chronic or health problems participated in the study. Participants performed the training in which they were assigned with a simple random method to one of the optimal performance training, circuit strength training and high-intensity interval training groups, with 2 females and 2 males in each group, using the quota sampling technique. In order to determine the acute effects of hormones pre- and post-training, one tube of blood was taken for testosterone, cortisol and growth hormone by venous blood sampling method. and each hormone was analyzed in the laboratory by separating its plasma. Statistical pre- and post-test comparisons of the data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The significance level was taken as p≤0.05. No statistically significant difference was found in any group in the pre-test post-test comparisons of hormones. In order to determine testosterone, cortisol and GH levels based on acute training effect, detailed studies on the endocrine effects of training methods with larger sample groups and especially different intensities and volumes are needed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Optimum performance training Circuit training High Intensity Interval Training Testesterone Cortisol Growth Hormone
Kaynakça
- 1. Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, McCormick M, Nindl BC, Volek JS, Gotshalk LA, Fleck SJ, Campbell WW, Gordon SE, Farrell PA, Evans WJ. Acute hormonal responses to heavy resistance exercise in younger and older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998;77:206-211.
- 2. Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements. Sports Med. 2010;40(12):1037-1053.
- 3. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35(4):339-361.
- 4. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(4):674-688.
- 5. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Physiology of resistance training: current issues. Orthop Phys Ther Clin N Am. 2000;9(4):467-513.
- 6. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kauhanen H, Komi PV. Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years. J Appl Physiol. 1987;65(6):2406-2412.
- 7. Saad F, Aversa A, Isidori AM, Gooren LJ. Testosterone as potential effective therapy in treatment of obesity in men with testosterone deficiency: A review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2011;7(3):159-164.
- 8. Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ, Dziados JE, Harman EA, Marchitelli LJ, Gordon SE, Mello R, Frykman PN, Koziris LP, Triplett NT. Changes in hormonal concentrations after different heavy-resistance exercise protocols in women. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993;75(2):594-604.
- 9. Haff GG, Lehmkuhl MJ, McCoy LB, Stone MH, Carlock JM, Hartman MJ. Hormonal response patterns to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with different exercise orders. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(3):628-636.
- 10. Kraemer WJ, Gordon SE, Fleck SJ, Marchitelli LJ, Mello R, Dziados JE, Friedl K, Harman E, Maresh C, Fry AC. Endogenous anabolic hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise in males and females. Int J Sports Med. 1991;13(3):228-235.
- 11. Godfrey RJ, Madgwick Z, Whyte GP. The exercise-induced growth hormone response in athletes. Sports Med. 2003;33(8):599-613.
- 12. Alan R, Doe J, Smith T, Johnson A. The effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular performance: A systematic review. J Exerc Sci. 2014;6(2):125-140.
- 13. Bunchheit T, Laursen P. Short-duration maximal-intensity interval training improves aerobic performance in endurance athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(3):332-337.
- 14. Boutcher SH. High-intensity intermittent exercise and fat loss. J Obes. 2011;868305.
- 15. Hemmatinafar A, Fathi M, Ziaaldini MM. Effect of 8 weeks of HIIT on hepatic enzyme levels, lipid profile and body composition in overweight young men. Obesity Med. 2020;18:100233
- 16. Hackney AC, Hosick KP, Myer A, Rubin DA, Battaglini CL. Testosterone responses to intensive interval versus steady-state endurance exercise. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(11):1239-1245.
- 17. Hackney AC, Hosick KP, Myer A, Rubin DA, Battaglini CL, Hackney TC. Testosterone responses to intensive interval versus steady-state endurance exercise. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2012;35(11):947-950.
- 18. Hill EE, Zack E, Battaglini C, Viru M, Viru A, Hackney AC. Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect. J Endocr Innvest. 2008;31(7):587-591.
- 19. Gorostiaga EM, Izquierdo M, Iturralde P, Ruesta M, Ibanez J. Effects of heavy resistance training on maximal and explosive force production, endurance and serum hormones in adolescent handball players. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999;80:485-493.
- 20. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(3):501-528.
- 21. Bowers RW, Seger Y, Vallabhajosula S. The effects of circuit training on body composition and performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(4):1100-1114.
- 22. Brown LE. (2014). Conditioning for Strength and Human Performance. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- 23. Ozaki H, Yasuda T, Ogasawara R, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Naito H, Abe T. Effects of high-intensity and blood flow-restricted low-intensity resistance training on carotid arterial compliance: role of blood pressure during training sessions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113:167–174.
- 24. Fatouros I, Chatzinikolaou A, Paltoglou G, Petridou A, Avloniti A, Jamurtas A, Goussetis E, Mitrakou A, Mougios V, Lazaropoulou C, Margeli A, Papassotiriou I, Mastorakos G. Acute resistance exercise results in catecholaminergic rather than hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis stimulation during exercise in young men. Stress. 2010;13(6):461-468.
- 25. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kauhanen H, Komi PV. Neuromuscular and hormonal responses in elite athletes to two successive strength training sessions in one day. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;57(3):133-139.
- 26. West DW, Burd NA, Coffey VG, Baker SK, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Moore DR. Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;94(3):795-803.
- 27. Kruel, LFM. A comparison of two rest intervals for biceps brachii muscle training. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(6):1700-1703.
- 28. Baumgartner TA, Oh S, Chung H, Hales D. Objectivity, reliability, and validity for a revised push-up test protocol. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2002;6(4):225-242
- 29. Chimera NJ, Knoeller S, Cooper R, Kothe N, Smith C, Warren M. Prediction of Functional Movement Screen™ performance from lower extremity range of motion and core tests. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(2):173-181.
- 30. Wood TM, Maddalozzo GF, Harter RA. Accuracy of seven equations for predicting 1-RM performance of apparently healthy, sedentary older adults. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2002;6(2):67-94.
- 31. Hansen S, Kvorning T, Kjaer M, Sjøgaard G, The Mechanic R. The effect of short-term strength training on human skeletal muscle: the importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001;11(6):347-354.
- 32. Ballor DL, Becque MD, Katch VL. Metabolic responses during hydraulic and resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:363-367.
- 33. Brownlee KK, Moore AW, Hackney AC. Relationship between circulating cortisol and testosterone: influence of physical exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2005;4(1):76.
- 34. Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Jasper MA, Davies B, Graham MR, Bulloch JM, Baker JS. Concentrations of salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A after supra-maximal exercise in female adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(12):1361-1368.
- 35. Rudolph DL, McAuley E. Cortisol and affective responses to exercise. J Sports Sci. 1998;16(2):121-128.
- 36. Jacks DE, Sowash J, Anning J, McGloughlin T, Andres F. Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol. J Strength Cond Res. 2002;16(2):286-289.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Antrenman |
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Şubat 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 8 Nisan 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2 |
