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SOSYAL KAYTARMA DAVRANIŞINA KAYNAKLARI KORUMA TEORİSİ YAKLAŞIMI

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 17, 11 - 25, 28.07.2022

Öz

Ringelmann etkisi olarak da bilinen sosyal kaytarma, temelde bireylerin işe sunduğu katkının, gruptaki insan sayına bağlı olarak etkilendiğini savunmaktadır. Sosyal kaytarma davranışı, özellikle grup çalışması olan örgütlerde araştırılması, önlem alınması ve üzerinde durulması gereken önemli bir konudur. Sosyal kaytarmayla davranışları, örgütlere zarar verdiği ve çalışanların verimliliğinin azalması sebebiyle örgütler açısından istenmeyen bir durumdur. Bu çalışmada öncelikle sosyal kaytarma kavramı açıklanmış, ardından, sosyal kaytarmaya sebep olan kişisel ve bir takım örgütsel sebeplere yer verilmiş ve daha sonrasında ise, sosyal kaytarma kavramı kaynakları koruma teorisi perspektifinden incelenerek, örgütlerde sosyal kaytarmayı davranışlarını azaltmaya yönelik bir takım önlemler sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Alnuaimi, O. A., Robert, L. P., ve Maruping, L. M. (2010). Team size, dispersion, and social loafing in technology-supported teams: A perspective on the theory of moral disengagement. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(1), 203-230.
  • Bluhm, D. J. (2009). Adaptive consequences of social loafing. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1-6.
  • Cole, M. S., Bernerth, J. B., Walter, F., ve Holt, D. T. (2010). Organizational justice and individuals' withdrawal: Unlocking the influence of emotional exhaustion. Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 367-390.
  • Conger, J. A., ve Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of management review, 13(3), 471-482.
  • Dick, R.V., Tissington, P.A., Hertel, G. (2009).” Do Many Hands Make Light Work? How ToOvercome Social Loafing And Gain Motivation In Work Teams”, Eurepan BusinessReview,21(3), 223-245.
  • Earley, P. C. (1993). East meets west meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 319–348.
  • Forsyth, D. R. (2009). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 191-202.
  • Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of experimental social psychology, 23(1), 1-18.
  • Harkins, S. G., Latane, B., ve Williams, K. (1980). Social loafing: Allocating effort or taking it easy?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(5), 457-465.
  • Harkins, S. G., ve Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of Task Difficulty and Task Uniqueness on Social Loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214-1229.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) “Conservation Of Resources A New Attempt At Conceptualizing Stress”, American Psychologist, 44 (3), 13-524.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001), “The Influence of Culture, Community, and the NestedSelf in the Stress Rocess: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory” Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50 (3), 337-421.
  • Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J., Peckham, V. (1974).” The Ringelmann Effect: Stu-dies of Group Size And Group Performance”, Journal Of Experimental Social Psyc-hology, 10(4), 371-384.
  • Ito, J. K., ve Brotheridge, C. M. (2003). Resources, coping strategies, and emotional exhaustion: A conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 490-509.
  • Jackson, J. M., ve Harkins, S. G. (1985). Equity in Effort: An Explanation of the Social Loafing Effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1199-1206.
  • Jackson, J. M., ve Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(4), 937.
  • Kanten, P. (2014). İşyeri nezaketsizliğinin sosyal kaytarma davranışı ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde duygusal tükenmenin aracılık rolü. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 11-26.
  • Karau, S. J., ve Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(4), 681.
  • Karau, S. J., ve Williams, K. D. (1997). The effects of group cohesiveness on social loafing and social compensation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(2), 156.
  • Kerr, N. L. (1983). Motivation Losses in Small Groups: A Social Dilemma Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), 819-828.
  • Kessler, R. C., Turner, J. B., ve House, J. S. (1988). Effects of unemployment on health in a community survey: Main, modifying, and mediating effects. Journal of social issues, 44(4), 69-85.
  • Klehe, U. C., ve Anderson, N. (2007). The moderating influence of personality and culture on social loafing in typical versus maximum performance situations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(2), 250-262.
  • Kravitz, D.A. ve Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann Rediscovered: The Original Article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 936-941.
  • Latane, B., Williams, K. ve Harkins S. (1979). Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822- 832.
  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A., ve Bennett, N. (2004). Social Loafing: A Field Investigation. Journal of Management, 30(2), 285-304.
  • Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., ve Shapira, I. (2006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychological bulletin, 132(3), 327.
  • Neveu, J. P. (2007). Jailed resources: Conservation of resources theory as applied to burnout among prison guards. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(1), 21-42.
  • Pabico, J. P., Hermocilla, J. A. C., Galang, J. P. C., ve De Sagun, C. C. (2015). Perceived social loafing in undergraduate software engineering teams. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.08345.
  • Petty, R. E., Harkins, S. G., ve Williams, K. D. (1980). The effects of group diffusion of cognitive effort on attitudes: An information-processing view. Journal of personality and social psychology, 38(1), 81.
  • Ringelmann, M. (1913). Recherches sur les moteurs animés: Travail de l’homme. Annales de l’Insitut National Agronomique, 12, 1-40.
  • Schippers, M.C. “Social Loafing Tendencies and Team Performance: The Compensating Efect of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.” Academy of Management Learning ve Education 13 (2014): 62–81.
  • Stark, E. M., Shaw, J. D., ve Duffy, M. K. (2007). Preference for Group Work, Winning Orientation, and Social Loafing Behavior in Groups. Group and Organization Management, 32(6), 699-723.
  • Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group processes and productivity. New York: Academic Press.
  • Thompson, B., ve Thornton, B. (2007). Exploring Mental-State Reasoning as a Social—Cognitive Mechanism for Social Loafing in Children. The Journal of social psychology, 147(2), 159-174.
  • Webb, N. M. (1997). Assessing students in small collaborative groups. Theory into practice, 36(4), 205-213.
  • Williams, K. D., ve Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(4), 570.
  • Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F. ve Lin, Z. “Group Laziness: The Efect of Social Loafing on Group Performance.” Social Behavior And Personality 42 (2015): 465-472.

RESOURCE CONSERVATION THEORY APPROACH TO SOCIAL LOAFING BEHAVIOR

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 17, 11 - 25, 28.07.2022

Öz

Social loafing, also known as the Ringelmann effect, basically argues that the contribution of individuals to work is affected by the number of people in the group. Social loafing behavior is an important issue that needs to be investigated, taken precautions and focused on, especially in organizations with group work. Social loafing is an undesirable situation for organizations as it harms organizations and decreases employee productivity. In this study, first of all, the concept of social loafing is explained, then personal and some organizational reasons that cause social loafing are included, and then, the concept of social loafing is examined from the perspective of the theory of resource conservation, and some measures are presented to reduce social loafing behaviors in organizations.

Kaynakça

  • Alnuaimi, O. A., Robert, L. P., ve Maruping, L. M. (2010). Team size, dispersion, and social loafing in technology-supported teams: A perspective on the theory of moral disengagement. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(1), 203-230.
  • Bluhm, D. J. (2009). Adaptive consequences of social loafing. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1-6.
  • Cole, M. S., Bernerth, J. B., Walter, F., ve Holt, D. T. (2010). Organizational justice and individuals' withdrawal: Unlocking the influence of emotional exhaustion. Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 367-390.
  • Conger, J. A., ve Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of management review, 13(3), 471-482.
  • Dick, R.V., Tissington, P.A., Hertel, G. (2009).” Do Many Hands Make Light Work? How ToOvercome Social Loafing And Gain Motivation In Work Teams”, Eurepan BusinessReview,21(3), 223-245.
  • Earley, P. C. (1993). East meets west meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 319–348.
  • Forsyth, D. R. (2009). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 191-202.
  • Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of experimental social psychology, 23(1), 1-18.
  • Harkins, S. G., Latane, B., ve Williams, K. (1980). Social loafing: Allocating effort or taking it easy?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(5), 457-465.
  • Harkins, S. G., ve Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of Task Difficulty and Task Uniqueness on Social Loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214-1229.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) “Conservation Of Resources A New Attempt At Conceptualizing Stress”, American Psychologist, 44 (3), 13-524.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001), “The Influence of Culture, Community, and the NestedSelf in the Stress Rocess: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory” Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50 (3), 337-421.
  • Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J., Peckham, V. (1974).” The Ringelmann Effect: Stu-dies of Group Size And Group Performance”, Journal Of Experimental Social Psyc-hology, 10(4), 371-384.
  • Ito, J. K., ve Brotheridge, C. M. (2003). Resources, coping strategies, and emotional exhaustion: A conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 490-509.
  • Jackson, J. M., ve Harkins, S. G. (1985). Equity in Effort: An Explanation of the Social Loafing Effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1199-1206.
  • Jackson, J. M., ve Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(4), 937.
  • Kanten, P. (2014). İşyeri nezaketsizliğinin sosyal kaytarma davranışı ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde duygusal tükenmenin aracılık rolü. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 11-26.
  • Karau, S. J., ve Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(4), 681.
  • Karau, S. J., ve Williams, K. D. (1997). The effects of group cohesiveness on social loafing and social compensation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(2), 156.
  • Kerr, N. L. (1983). Motivation Losses in Small Groups: A Social Dilemma Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), 819-828.
  • Kessler, R. C., Turner, J. B., ve House, J. S. (1988). Effects of unemployment on health in a community survey: Main, modifying, and mediating effects. Journal of social issues, 44(4), 69-85.
  • Klehe, U. C., ve Anderson, N. (2007). The moderating influence of personality and culture on social loafing in typical versus maximum performance situations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(2), 250-262.
  • Kravitz, D.A. ve Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann Rediscovered: The Original Article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 936-941.
  • Latane, B., Williams, K. ve Harkins S. (1979). Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822- 832.
  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A., ve Bennett, N. (2004). Social Loafing: A Field Investigation. Journal of Management, 30(2), 285-304.
  • Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., ve Shapira, I. (2006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychological bulletin, 132(3), 327.
  • Neveu, J. P. (2007). Jailed resources: Conservation of resources theory as applied to burnout among prison guards. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(1), 21-42.
  • Pabico, J. P., Hermocilla, J. A. C., Galang, J. P. C., ve De Sagun, C. C. (2015). Perceived social loafing in undergraduate software engineering teams. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.08345.
  • Petty, R. E., Harkins, S. G., ve Williams, K. D. (1980). The effects of group diffusion of cognitive effort on attitudes: An information-processing view. Journal of personality and social psychology, 38(1), 81.
  • Ringelmann, M. (1913). Recherches sur les moteurs animés: Travail de l’homme. Annales de l’Insitut National Agronomique, 12, 1-40.
  • Schippers, M.C. “Social Loafing Tendencies and Team Performance: The Compensating Efect of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.” Academy of Management Learning ve Education 13 (2014): 62–81.
  • Stark, E. M., Shaw, J. D., ve Duffy, M. K. (2007). Preference for Group Work, Winning Orientation, and Social Loafing Behavior in Groups. Group and Organization Management, 32(6), 699-723.
  • Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group processes and productivity. New York: Academic Press.
  • Thompson, B., ve Thornton, B. (2007). Exploring Mental-State Reasoning as a Social—Cognitive Mechanism for Social Loafing in Children. The Journal of social psychology, 147(2), 159-174.
  • Webb, N. M. (1997). Assessing students in small collaborative groups. Theory into practice, 36(4), 205-213.
  • Williams, K. D., ve Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(4), 570.
  • Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F. ve Lin, Z. “Group Laziness: The Efect of Social Loafing on Group Performance.” Social Behavior And Personality 42 (2015): 465-472.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Yayında Olan Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aylin Türe Orhan 0000-0001-5429-3417

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Orhan, A. T. (2022). SOSYAL KAYTARMA DAVRANIŞINA KAYNAKLARI KORUMA TEORİSİ YAKLAŞIMI. Marmara Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi(17), 11-25.