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STUDY FOR ADAPTATION OF ONLINE SOCIAL CAPITAL SCALE IN TURKEY

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 60, 543 - 560, 27.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1253137

Öz

The concept of social capital, which emerged within the scope of interpersonal relations, has been put forward in sociology and has started to be discussed in many disciplines over time. Recently, it has been discussed with many dimensions, especially in the field of business. Communication, which is one of the basic building blocks of social capital, has experienced a radical change in line with the development in technology and has created different approaches in the methods of handling social capital. Online social capital also emerges as a concept that tries to reveal the effects of this change. In this research, the reliability and validity tests of the scale developed by Williams (2006) were conducted in the Turkish sample in order to contribute to the conceptualization of online social capital. The scale was applied to 805 people in two different samples as employees and business owners. Reliability coefficients were found to be 0.951 for employees and 0.936 for business owners. As a result of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes and other tests, the original two dimensions of the scale, bridging online social capital and bonding online social capital, were verified, and it was concluded that it could be applied to business owners and employees in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Ağcasulu, H. (2017). Sosyal sermaye kavramı ve temel bakış açılarının karşılaştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 8(17), 114–129.
  • Brooks, B. A. (2019). The Strength of Weak Ties. Nurse Leader, 17(2), 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mnl.2018.12.011
  • Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. (2010). Social network activity and social well-being. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings, 3, 1909–1912. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753.326.1753613
  • Çapık, C., Gözüm, S., & Aksayan, S. (2018). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlama aşamaları, dil ve kültür uyarlaması: Güncellenmiş rehber. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 26(3), 199–210.
  • Çetin, F., & Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121–137.
  • Chang, Y. P., & Zhu, D. H. (2012). The role of perceived social capital and flow experience in building users’ continuance intention to social networking sites in China. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(3), 995– 1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.001
  • Ciboh, R. (2017). An exploratory study of older adultsʼ social media use and social capital in Nigeria. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 3(2), 149–165.
  • Demirbağ, O., Mumcu, A. Y., & Çakarel, T. Y. (2022). Beşeri ve Sosyal Sermayenin Örgütsel Dayanıklılık Üzerindeki Etkisinde Finansal Sermayenin Aracılık Rolünün İncelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 49, 1–21.
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143– 1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  • Ellison, N., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2006). Spatially Bounded Online Social Networks and Social Capital: The Role of Facebook. Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, 36(1–37), 0. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.85.5541&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • English, J. F., & Underwood, T. (2016). Shifting scales: Between literature and social science. Içinde Modern Language Quarterly (C. 77, Sayı 3, ss. 277–295). Duke University Press.
  • Faucher, K. X. (2018). Social Capital Online. University of Westminster Press.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. sage.
  • Friedkin, N. E. (1982). Information flow through strong and weak ties in intraorganizational social networks. Social Networks, 3(4), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(82)90003-X
  • Gökoğlu, S., & Çakıroğlu, Ü. (2019). Sanal gerçeklik temelli öğrenme ortamlarinda bulunuşluk hissinin ölçülmesi: Bulunuşluk ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 9(1), 169–188.
  • Hair Jr, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & William, C. (1995). Black (1995), Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersy: Prentice Hall.
  • Hampton, K. N. (2003). Grieving for a lost network: Collective action in a wired suburb. Information Society, 19(5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/714044688
  • Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). Strong, weak, and latent ties and the impact of new media. Information Society, 18(5), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/019.722.40290108195
  • Heggestad, E. D., Scheaf, D. J., Banks, G. C., Monroe Hausfeld, M., Tonidandel, S., & Williams, E. B. (2019). Scale Adaptation in Organizational Science Research: A Review and Best-Practice Recommendations. Journal of Management, 45(6), 2596–2627. https://doi.org/10.1177/014.920.6319850280
  • Hofer, M., & Aubert, V. (2013). Perceived bridging and bonding social capital on Twitter: Differentiating between followers and followees. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2134–2142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2013.04.038
  • Johnston, K., Tanner, M., Lalla, N., & Kawalski, D. (2013). Social capital: The benefit of Facebook friends. Behaviour and Information Technology, 32(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2010.550063
  • Kazienko, P., & Musiał, K. (2006). Social capital in online social networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 4252 LNAI, 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/11893004_54
  • Kim, C., & Shen, C. (2020). Connecting activities on Social Network Sites and life satisfaction: A comparison of older and younger users. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2019.106222
  • Kobayashi, T., Ikeda, K., & Miyata, K. (2006). Social capital online: Collective use of the Internet and reciprocity as lubricants of democracy. Information Communication and Society, 9(5), 582–611. https://doi. org/10.1080/136.911.80600965575
  • Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). Me and my 400 friends: The anatomy of college students’ facebook networks, their communication patterns, and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026338
  • Mumcu, A. Y. (2021). Kişilik özelliklerinin kitlesel fonlama başarısı üzerine etkisinde çevrimiçi sosyal sermayenin aracılık rolünün incelenmesi. T.C.Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Mumcu, A. Y. (2022). Sosyal Sermaye Kuramı: Son Dönem İnceleme Alanları. Içinde A. Y. Ataman, Göksel; Mumcu (Ed.), Örgüt Kuramlarında Güncel Yaklaşımlar (1. baskı, ss. 331–352). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Mumcu, A. Y., & Ataman, G. (2021). Girişim fonlamasında sosyal sermayenin çevrimiçi rolü: Kitlesel fonlama üzerine bir araştırma. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 360–373.
  • Norris, P. (2002). The bridging and bonding role of online communities. Içinde Society Online: The Internet in Context (ss. 31–42). Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA. https://doi. org/10.4135/978.145.2229560.n2
  • Özdemir, S., & Kocaayan, F. (2020). Sanal Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(75), 1517–1533.
  • Ozkazanc-Pan, B. (2022). Rethinking social capital: Entrepreneurial ecosystems as contested communities. Içinde Entrepreneurialism and Society: Consequences and Meanings (C. 82, ss. 69–87). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Parzefall, M. R., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2012). Understanding the antecedents, the outcomes and the mediating role of social capital: An employee perspective. Human Relations, 65(4), 447–472. https://doi. org/10.1177/001.872.6711431853
  • Pasricha, P., & Rao, M. K. (2018). The effect of ethical leadership on employee social innovation tendency in social enterprises: Mediating role of perceived social capital. Creativity and Innovation Management, 27(3), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12287
  • Pinkett, R. (2003). Community technology and community building: Early results from the creating community connections Project. Information Society, 19(5), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/714044684
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and schuster.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapisal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamalari. Ömer Faruk Şimşek.
  • Skoric, M. M., Ying, D., & Ng, Y. (2009). Bowling online, not alone: Online social capital and political participation in Singapore. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2), 414–433. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01447.x
  • Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B., & Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 434–445. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.002
  • Tan, W. K., Hsiao, Y. J., Tseng, S. F., & Chan, C. L. (2018). Smartphone application personality and its relationship to personalities of smartphone users and social capital accrued through use of smartphone social applications. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.007
  • Tong, Kashian, & Walther. (2011). Relational Maintenance and CMC. Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships, 53(9), 1689–1699.
  • Trepte, S., Reinecke, L., & Juechems, K. (2012). The social side of gaming: How playing online computer games creates online and offline social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(3), 832–839. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.12.003
  • Wang, G., Locatelli, G., Wan, J., Li, Y., & Le, Y. (2021). Governing behavioral integration of top management team in megaprojects: A social capital perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 39(4), 365–376.
  • Wasti, S. N., Terzi, H., & Kerti, F. (2022). Social capital, information sharing, ambidexterity, and performance for technology park firms in Turkey. Thunderbird International Business Review, 64(5), 531–557.
  • Wellman, B., Salaff, J., Dimitrova, D., Garton, L., Gulia, M., & Haythornthwaite, C. (1996). Computer networks as social networks: Collaborative work, telework, and virtual community. Knowledge and Communities, 22(1), 179–208. https://doi.org/10.4324/978.008.0509785-17
  • Williams, D. (2006). On and off the ’Net: Scales for Social Capital in an Online Era. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 11(2), 593–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00029.x
  • Wohn, D. Y. (2011). Reciprocity in social network games and generation of social capital. Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication online.
  • Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 26, e923921-1.
  • Yavuzalp, Nuh; Bahçivan, E. (2018). Çevrimiçi Öğrenme Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Uluslararası Çağdaş Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu (ISCESS’18).
  • Yıldız, E. (2018). Çevrimiçi Ortamlarda Topluluk Hissi Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ ye Uyarlanması Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 8(1), 24–38.
  • Yoganathan, V., Osburg, V., & Bartikowski, B. (2021). Building better employer brands through employee social media competence and online social capital. Psychology & Marketing, 38(3), 524–536.

ÇEVRİMİÇİ SOSYAL SERMAYE ÖLÇEĞİNİ TÜRKİYE’DE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 60, 543 - 560, 27.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1253137

Öz

Kişilerarası ilişki kapsamında ortaya çıkan sosyal sermaye kavramı sosyolojide ortaya konulmuş olup, zaman içerisinde birçok bilim dalında incelenmiştir. Son dönemde ise özellikle işletme alanında birçok boyutuyla ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Sosyal sermayenin temel yapıtaşlarından biri olan iletişim, teknolojideki gelişim doğrultusunda köklü değişim yaşamış, sosyal sermayenin ele alınma yöntemlerinde farklı yaklaşım ihtiyaçları doğurmuştur. Çevrimiçi sosyal sermaye de bu değişimin etkilerini ortaya koymaya çalışan bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu araştırmada çevrimiçi sosyal sermayenin kavramsallaşmasına katkıda bulunmak amacıyla; Williams’ın (2006) geliştirdiği ölçeğin Türkiye örnekleminde güvenirlik ve geçerlik testleri yapılmıştır. Çalışanlar ve işletme sahipleri olarak iki farklı örneklemde toplam 805 kişiye ölçek uygulanmıştır. Güvenirlik katsayıları çalışanlarda 0,951, işletme sahiplerinde ise 0,936 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ve diğer testler neticesinde ölçeğin orijinal iki boyut olan aracı çevrimiçi sosyal sermaye ve dayanışmacı çevrimiçi sosyal sermaye doğrulanmış, Türkiye’ de işletme sahipleri ve çalışanlar üzerinde uygulanabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ağcasulu, H. (2017). Sosyal sermaye kavramı ve temel bakış açılarının karşılaştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 8(17), 114–129.
  • Brooks, B. A. (2019). The Strength of Weak Ties. Nurse Leader, 17(2), 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mnl.2018.12.011
  • Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. (2010). Social network activity and social well-being. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings, 3, 1909–1912. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753.326.1753613
  • Çapık, C., Gözüm, S., & Aksayan, S. (2018). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlama aşamaları, dil ve kültür uyarlaması: Güncellenmiş rehber. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 26(3), 199–210.
  • Çetin, F., & Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121–137.
  • Chang, Y. P., & Zhu, D. H. (2012). The role of perceived social capital and flow experience in building users’ continuance intention to social networking sites in China. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(3), 995– 1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.001
  • Ciboh, R. (2017). An exploratory study of older adultsʼ social media use and social capital in Nigeria. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 3(2), 149–165.
  • Demirbağ, O., Mumcu, A. Y., & Çakarel, T. Y. (2022). Beşeri ve Sosyal Sermayenin Örgütsel Dayanıklılık Üzerindeki Etkisinde Finansal Sermayenin Aracılık Rolünün İncelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 49, 1–21.
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143– 1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  • Ellison, N., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2006). Spatially Bounded Online Social Networks and Social Capital: The Role of Facebook. Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, 36(1–37), 0. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.85.5541&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • English, J. F., & Underwood, T. (2016). Shifting scales: Between literature and social science. Içinde Modern Language Quarterly (C. 77, Sayı 3, ss. 277–295). Duke University Press.
  • Faucher, K. X. (2018). Social Capital Online. University of Westminster Press.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. sage.
  • Friedkin, N. E. (1982). Information flow through strong and weak ties in intraorganizational social networks. Social Networks, 3(4), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(82)90003-X
  • Gökoğlu, S., & Çakıroğlu, Ü. (2019). Sanal gerçeklik temelli öğrenme ortamlarinda bulunuşluk hissinin ölçülmesi: Bulunuşluk ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 9(1), 169–188.
  • Hair Jr, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & William, C. (1995). Black (1995), Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersy: Prentice Hall.
  • Hampton, K. N. (2003). Grieving for a lost network: Collective action in a wired suburb. Information Society, 19(5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/714044688
  • Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). Strong, weak, and latent ties and the impact of new media. Information Society, 18(5), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/019.722.40290108195
  • Heggestad, E. D., Scheaf, D. J., Banks, G. C., Monroe Hausfeld, M., Tonidandel, S., & Williams, E. B. (2019). Scale Adaptation in Organizational Science Research: A Review and Best-Practice Recommendations. Journal of Management, 45(6), 2596–2627. https://doi.org/10.1177/014.920.6319850280
  • Hofer, M., & Aubert, V. (2013). Perceived bridging and bonding social capital on Twitter: Differentiating between followers and followees. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2134–2142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2013.04.038
  • Johnston, K., Tanner, M., Lalla, N., & Kawalski, D. (2013). Social capital: The benefit of Facebook friends. Behaviour and Information Technology, 32(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2010.550063
  • Kazienko, P., & Musiał, K. (2006). Social capital in online social networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 4252 LNAI, 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/11893004_54
  • Kim, C., & Shen, C. (2020). Connecting activities on Social Network Sites and life satisfaction: A comparison of older and younger users. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2019.106222
  • Kobayashi, T., Ikeda, K., & Miyata, K. (2006). Social capital online: Collective use of the Internet and reciprocity as lubricants of democracy. Information Communication and Society, 9(5), 582–611. https://doi. org/10.1080/136.911.80600965575
  • Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). Me and my 400 friends: The anatomy of college students’ facebook networks, their communication patterns, and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026338
  • Mumcu, A. Y. (2021). Kişilik özelliklerinin kitlesel fonlama başarısı üzerine etkisinde çevrimiçi sosyal sermayenin aracılık rolünün incelenmesi. T.C.Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Mumcu, A. Y. (2022). Sosyal Sermaye Kuramı: Son Dönem İnceleme Alanları. Içinde A. Y. Ataman, Göksel; Mumcu (Ed.), Örgüt Kuramlarında Güncel Yaklaşımlar (1. baskı, ss. 331–352). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Mumcu, A. Y., & Ataman, G. (2021). Girişim fonlamasında sosyal sermayenin çevrimiçi rolü: Kitlesel fonlama üzerine bir araştırma. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 360–373.
  • Norris, P. (2002). The bridging and bonding role of online communities. Içinde Society Online: The Internet in Context (ss. 31–42). Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA. https://doi. org/10.4135/978.145.2229560.n2
  • Özdemir, S., & Kocaayan, F. (2020). Sanal Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(75), 1517–1533.
  • Ozkazanc-Pan, B. (2022). Rethinking social capital: Entrepreneurial ecosystems as contested communities. Içinde Entrepreneurialism and Society: Consequences and Meanings (C. 82, ss. 69–87). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Parzefall, M. R., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2012). Understanding the antecedents, the outcomes and the mediating role of social capital: An employee perspective. Human Relations, 65(4), 447–472. https://doi. org/10.1177/001.872.6711431853
  • Pasricha, P., & Rao, M. K. (2018). The effect of ethical leadership on employee social innovation tendency in social enterprises: Mediating role of perceived social capital. Creativity and Innovation Management, 27(3), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12287
  • Pinkett, R. (2003). Community technology and community building: Early results from the creating community connections Project. Information Society, 19(5), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/714044684
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and schuster.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapisal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamalari. Ömer Faruk Şimşek.
  • Skoric, M. M., Ying, D., & Ng, Y. (2009). Bowling online, not alone: Online social capital and political participation in Singapore. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2), 414–433. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01447.x
  • Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B., & Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 434–445. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.002
  • Tan, W. K., Hsiao, Y. J., Tseng, S. F., & Chan, C. L. (2018). Smartphone application personality and its relationship to personalities of smartphone users and social capital accrued through use of smartphone social applications. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.007
  • Tong, Kashian, & Walther. (2011). Relational Maintenance and CMC. Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships, 53(9), 1689–1699.
  • Trepte, S., Reinecke, L., & Juechems, K. (2012). The social side of gaming: How playing online computer games creates online and offline social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(3), 832–839. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.12.003
  • Wang, G., Locatelli, G., Wan, J., Li, Y., & Le, Y. (2021). Governing behavioral integration of top management team in megaprojects: A social capital perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 39(4), 365–376.
  • Wasti, S. N., Terzi, H., & Kerti, F. (2022). Social capital, information sharing, ambidexterity, and performance for technology park firms in Turkey. Thunderbird International Business Review, 64(5), 531–557.
  • Wellman, B., Salaff, J., Dimitrova, D., Garton, L., Gulia, M., & Haythornthwaite, C. (1996). Computer networks as social networks: Collaborative work, telework, and virtual community. Knowledge and Communities, 22(1), 179–208. https://doi.org/10.4324/978.008.0509785-17
  • Williams, D. (2006). On and off the ’Net: Scales for Social Capital in an Online Era. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 11(2), 593–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00029.x
  • Wohn, D. Y. (2011). Reciprocity in social network games and generation of social capital. Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication online.
  • Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 26, e923921-1.
  • Yavuzalp, Nuh; Bahçivan, E. (2018). Çevrimiçi Öğrenme Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Uluslararası Çağdaş Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu (ISCESS’18).
  • Yıldız, E. (2018). Çevrimiçi Ortamlarda Topluluk Hissi Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ ye Uyarlanması Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 8(1), 24–38.
  • Yoganathan, V., Osburg, V., & Bartikowski, B. (2021). Building better employer brands through employee social media competence and online social capital. Psychology & Marketing, 38(3), 524–536.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Organizasyon
Bölüm Makale Başvuru
Yazarlar

Artür Yetvart Mumcu 0000-0002-2276-0145

Göksel Ataman Berk 0000-0003-3234-7490

Hızır Konuk 0000-0002-9274-6912

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 60

Kaynak Göster

APA Mumcu, A. Y., Ataman Berk, G., & Konuk, H. (2023). ÇEVRİMİÇİ SOSYAL SERMAYE ÖLÇEĞİNİ TÜRKİYE’DE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI. Öneri Dergisi, 18(60), 543-560. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1253137

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Öneri Dergisi

Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

Göztepe Kampüsü Enstitüler Binası Kat:5 34722  Kadıköy/İstanbul

e-ISSN: 2147-5377