Abstract
References
- Primary Sources
- Addams, Jane. Newer Ideals of Peace. New York: Macmillan, 1907.
- Baroness von Suttner, Bertha. Lay Down Your Arms: The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling. New York: Longmans Green and Co., 1906.
- Howe, Julia Ward. Mother’s Day Proclamation. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1870.
- Luxemburg, Rosa. The Junius Pamphlet: The Crisis in the German Social Democracy. Zurich: 1916.
- Woolf, Virginia. Three Guineas. London: Hogarth Press, 1938.
- Secondary Sources
- Beales, A.C.F. A History of Peace in Europe. London: Oxford University Press, 1931.
- Brown, Heloise. The Truest Form of Patriotism: Pacifist Feminism in Britain 1870-1902. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
- Ceadel, Martin. Pacifism in Britain, 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
- Chatfield, Charles. Peace Movements and Political Cultures. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990.
- Clavin, Patricia P. Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations 1920–1946. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Cockburn, Cynthia. From Where We Stand: War, Women, and Feminist Activism. London: Zed Books, 2007.
- Cooper, Sandi E. Bertha von Suttner and the Peace Movement in the Austrian Empire: The Power of Personality. American Historical Review, 103, no. 2 (1998): 485-486.
- Cortright, David. Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
- Cottrell, M. Patrick. The League of Nations: Enduring Legacies of the First Experiment at World Organization. London: Routledge, 2017.
- Enloe, Cynthia. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
- Henig, Ruth. The Peace That Never Was: A History of the League of Nations. London: Haus Publishing, 2019.
- Liddington, Jill. The Long Road to Greenham: Feminism and Anti-Militarism in Britain Since 1820. London: Virago Press, 1989.
- Lines, Lisa. Militant Women of a Fragile Nation: Feminist Resistance in Twentieth-Century Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
- Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge. London: Harper Perennial, 2006.
- Rupp, Leila. Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
- Shepherd, Laura J. Gender, Violence and Security: Discourse as Practice. London: Zed Books, 2011.
- Tickner, J. Ann. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Abstract
Between 1848 and 1939, feminist pacifism emerged as a significant yet historically marginalized force in political thought on war and peace. Rooted in both ideological critique and direct activism, feminist pacifists challenged the militarization of patriarchal societies, advocating for non-violent conflict resolution, disarmament, and international cooperation. This paper examines the evolution of feminist pacifism, tracing its development from the revolutions of 1848 to the crises of the interwar period. It argues that feminist pacifism was not merely a moral rejection of war but a radical resistance to militarized state power, economic imperialism, and gendered oppression. The study explores key feminist thinkers, organizations, and movements, beginning with the intellectual foundations of feminist pacifism in the late 19th century. Figures such as Bertha von Suttner and Julia Ward Howe laid the groundwork for a gendered critique of war, while organizations like the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) institutionalized feminist approaches to peacebuilding and conflict prevention. During World War I, feminist pacifism transitioned from theory to active resistance, exemplified by the Hague Congress of 1915 and the Women’s Peace Crusade (1917). The interwar period presented both opportunities and challenges, as feminists confronted the failures of the League of Nations and the rise of fascism. While some remained committed to absolute pacifism, others debated the necessity of armed resistance against totalitarianism. Concluding that feminist pacifism was both a political philosophy and a form of resistance, this paper underscores its enduring relevance in contemporary debates on gender, war, and peace.
References
- Primary Sources
- Addams, Jane. Newer Ideals of Peace. New York: Macmillan, 1907.
- Baroness von Suttner, Bertha. Lay Down Your Arms: The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling. New York: Longmans Green and Co., 1906.
- Howe, Julia Ward. Mother’s Day Proclamation. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1870.
- Luxemburg, Rosa. The Junius Pamphlet: The Crisis in the German Social Democracy. Zurich: 1916.
- Woolf, Virginia. Three Guineas. London: Hogarth Press, 1938.
- Secondary Sources
- Beales, A.C.F. A History of Peace in Europe. London: Oxford University Press, 1931.
- Brown, Heloise. The Truest Form of Patriotism: Pacifist Feminism in Britain 1870-1902. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
- Ceadel, Martin. Pacifism in Britain, 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
- Chatfield, Charles. Peace Movements and Political Cultures. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990.
- Clavin, Patricia P. Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations 1920–1946. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Cockburn, Cynthia. From Where We Stand: War, Women, and Feminist Activism. London: Zed Books, 2007.
- Cooper, Sandi E. Bertha von Suttner and the Peace Movement in the Austrian Empire: The Power of Personality. American Historical Review, 103, no. 2 (1998): 485-486.
- Cortright, David. Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
- Cottrell, M. Patrick. The League of Nations: Enduring Legacies of the First Experiment at World Organization. London: Routledge, 2017.
- Enloe, Cynthia. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
- Henig, Ruth. The Peace That Never Was: A History of the League of Nations. London: Haus Publishing, 2019.
- Liddington, Jill. The Long Road to Greenham: Feminism and Anti-Militarism in Britain Since 1820. London: Virago Press, 1989.
- Lines, Lisa. Militant Women of a Fragile Nation: Feminist Resistance in Twentieth-Century Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
- Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge. London: Harper Perennial, 2006.
- Rupp, Leila. Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
- Shepherd, Laura J. Gender, Violence and Security: Discourse as Practice. London: Zed Books, 2011.
- Tickner, J. Ann. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | International Relations (Other) |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Publication Date | May 19, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 20, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | March 9, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Volume: 11 Issue: 31 |
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