BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

CREATION OF PAKISTAN

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 274 - 282, 22.04.2016

Öz

Creation of a country is not an ordinary situation. But creation of Pakistan is an exception in the world history. This is one of the most debated topics in the subcontinent's socioeconomic, literature, art and political realm. Scores of researchers have investigated this extraordinary historical development in a diversity of perspectives and paradigms. Variety of exogenous and endogenous factors and a range of variables that acted, reacted and interacted among each other are evaluated. Following are the few of the contradicting and contesting narratives that are often used to explain and conclude the division of British India. 1) WWII led to exceptional circumstances that drove British to divide subcontinent. 2) Hindus created Pakistan like Lala Lajpat Rai had proposed the partition in 1920s to keep Hindustan a peaceful land for Hindus. 3)

The unscrupulous attitude of Hindu leadership and the atrocities of the Congress Ministries paved the way of partition. 4) Allama Iqbal’s dreams and Ch. Rehmat Ali’s “Now or Never” motivated the Muslims of the subcontinent to parting their ways. 5) Pakistan was a creation of the British mind. 6) Pakistan was the result of strenuous efforts of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

These different scholarships are neither absolute truths, nor an utter deception, but a language of political discourse. This paper will adopt a postmodernist approach to re-search and appraise the above stated hypothesis. This is a qualitative and descriptive research and secondary data is used to carry out this project. Subsequent questions are used in this paper: 1. To explore and investigate both the domestic and international circumstances that led to the creation of Pakistan. 2. To evaluate the role of leadership in dividing British India. 3. To investigate the ideological standings of different actors of the subcontinent

Time period and variables: 1935 to 1947 is the time slot selected to evaluate the above stated questions. Based on these questions three variables, i) Events ii) Leadership and iii) Ideology are chosen to carry out this project;

All these variables, events, leadership and ideology were intertwined and contributed in the creation of Pakistan. There was no one point formula that can be made responsible for the division of India. Different factors bestowed for this unique incident in the history. Of course the pressure of marginality and absorption played as a fear factor among the Muslims. But, it goes without saying that Hindus and Muslims were different from each other and the British styled political system fanned these differences and drifted them towards opposite directions. Their cultural, linguistic dissimilarities were stirred up. The same concepts emerged on the political horizon of British India with totally different meanings, like freedom, self-rule, representation, and justice. A long series of events happened both at the national and international level, cultivated a peculiar environment that was nurtured by the leaders of British India and further shaped by the ideology of the participants, eventually divided British India into two sovereign states India and Pakistan.

Keywords: Pakistan, freedom, leadership, ideology, WW-ll, communalism, imperialism, colonization

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Jamil-ud-Din. (1967). Muslim Political Movement. Lahore: United Publishers.
  • Ahsan, Aitzaz. (1997). Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
  • Ali, Ch. Rahmat. (1933). Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever? Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement.
  • Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam. (1978). India Wins Freedom. Madras: Orient Longman ltd.
  • Chawla, Mohammad Iqbal. (2008). “Picture of Muslim Politics in India before Wavell's Viceroyalty”. Journal of Research Society of Pakistan. Vol. 45, No.1, 75-138.
  • Chester, Lucy. (2002). “The 1947 Partition- Drawing the Indo Pakistani Boundary”. Retrieved from http://www.unc.edu/diplomat-bin/amdipl_browse.pl?field=date&value=2002
  • Fakhr-ul-Islam. (2010). “The Decisive Decade of Freedom Movement (1937-1947)”. The Dialogue. Vol. V, No. 1, 51-77.
  • Hamid, Abdul. (1967). Muslim Separatism in India - A Brief Survey 1858-1947. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Jajja, Mohammad Ayub. (2012). “The Heart Divided: A Post-Colonial Perspective on Partition”. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 32, No. 2, 297-307.
  • Jalal, Ayesha. (1994). The Sole Spokesman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Judt, Tony. (2005). Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Khan, Khan Abdul Ghafar. (2004). Aap Beeti (Biography). Lahore: Fiction House Publishers.
  • Roger, L. W. (2005). Yet More Adventure With Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain. London: Tausir.
  • Magdoff, Harry. (1978). Imperialism: From the Colonial Age to the Present. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Menon, V.P. (1957). The Transfer of Power in India. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Moraes, Frank. (1956). Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. New York: Macmillan Publishers.
  • Mujahid, Sharif-ul-. (2008). Jinnah's Team: The Top Ten. Paper presented in an International Conference, “On Leaders of Pakistan Movement”, at National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Nanda, B.R. (2010). Road to Pakistan – The Life and Times of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. New Delhi: Tolstoy House Publishers.
  • Pierce, David. (2009). “Decolonization and the Collapse of British Empire”. Retrieved from http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/5/decolonization-and-the-collapse-of-the-british-empire
  • Qalb-i-Abid, Dr. S., Massarrat Abid. (2008). “Muslim League, Jinnah and the Hindu Mahasabha: A Study in Speeches and Statements of Quaid-i-Azam”. Journal of Research Society of Pakistan. Vol. 45, No.1, 143-217.
  • Rahman, “A. Faizur. Vande Mataram and the Muslim”. Retrieved from: http://islamicvoice.com/September2006/Controversy
  • Saggi, P. D. (1973). Life and Work of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Bombay: Overseas Publishing House.
  • Shakoor, Abida. (2003). Congress-Muslim League Tussle 1937-1940: A Critical Analysis. Delhi: Aakar Book Publishers.
  • Singh, Jaswant. (2009). Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence. New Delhi: Rupa Publications.
  • Tharoor, Shashi. (2003). Nehru the Invention of India. New York: Arcade Publishing.
  • Zaman, Waheed-Uz-. (1964). Towards Pakistan. Lahore: United Publishers.
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 274 - 282, 22.04.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Jamil-ud-Din. (1967). Muslim Political Movement. Lahore: United Publishers.
  • Ahsan, Aitzaz. (1997). Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
  • Ali, Ch. Rahmat. (1933). Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever? Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement.
  • Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam. (1978). India Wins Freedom. Madras: Orient Longman ltd.
  • Chawla, Mohammad Iqbal. (2008). “Picture of Muslim Politics in India before Wavell's Viceroyalty”. Journal of Research Society of Pakistan. Vol. 45, No.1, 75-138.
  • Chester, Lucy. (2002). “The 1947 Partition- Drawing the Indo Pakistani Boundary”. Retrieved from http://www.unc.edu/diplomat-bin/amdipl_browse.pl?field=date&value=2002
  • Fakhr-ul-Islam. (2010). “The Decisive Decade of Freedom Movement (1937-1947)”. The Dialogue. Vol. V, No. 1, 51-77.
  • Hamid, Abdul. (1967). Muslim Separatism in India - A Brief Survey 1858-1947. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Jajja, Mohammad Ayub. (2012). “The Heart Divided: A Post-Colonial Perspective on Partition”. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 32, No. 2, 297-307.
  • Jalal, Ayesha. (1994). The Sole Spokesman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Judt, Tony. (2005). Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Khan, Khan Abdul Ghafar. (2004). Aap Beeti (Biography). Lahore: Fiction House Publishers.
  • Roger, L. W. (2005). Yet More Adventure With Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain. London: Tausir.
  • Magdoff, Harry. (1978). Imperialism: From the Colonial Age to the Present. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Menon, V.P. (1957). The Transfer of Power in India. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Moraes, Frank. (1956). Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. New York: Macmillan Publishers.
  • Mujahid, Sharif-ul-. (2008). Jinnah's Team: The Top Ten. Paper presented in an International Conference, “On Leaders of Pakistan Movement”, at National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Nanda, B.R. (2010). Road to Pakistan – The Life and Times of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. New Delhi: Tolstoy House Publishers.
  • Pierce, David. (2009). “Decolonization and the Collapse of British Empire”. Retrieved from http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/5/decolonization-and-the-collapse-of-the-british-empire
  • Qalb-i-Abid, Dr. S., Massarrat Abid. (2008). “Muslim League, Jinnah and the Hindu Mahasabha: A Study in Speeches and Statements of Quaid-i-Azam”. Journal of Research Society of Pakistan. Vol. 45, No.1, 143-217.
  • Rahman, “A. Faizur. Vande Mataram and the Muslim”. Retrieved from: http://islamicvoice.com/September2006/Controversy
  • Saggi, P. D. (1973). Life and Work of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Bombay: Overseas Publishing House.
  • Shakoor, Abida. (2003). Congress-Muslim League Tussle 1937-1940: A Critical Analysis. Delhi: Aakar Book Publishers.
  • Singh, Jaswant. (2009). Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence. New Delhi: Rupa Publications.
  • Tharoor, Shashi. (2003). Nehru the Invention of India. New York: Arcade Publishing.
  • Zaman, Waheed-Uz-. (1964). Towards Pakistan. Lahore: United Publishers.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Shakila Noor Sindhu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Nisan 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Sindhu SN (01 Nisan 2016) CREATION OF PAKISTAN. IJASOS- International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences 2 4 274–282.

Contactijasosjournal@hotmail.com

17922

The IJASOS Journal's site and its metadata are licensed under CC BY

Published and Sponsored by OCERINT International © 2015-2024