METAPHORICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION IN THE ENGLISH IDIOMS THAT BELONG TO THE ALIMENTARY CODE

Figurative structure of idioms reflects cultural codes that make linguistic picture of the world. Food and national cuisine represent a specific culture area. Idioms specify an English alimentary code and its axiological vector. The purpose of the article is to analyze metaphorical models presented in the idioms of the English alimentary code. 256 idioms of the English alimentary code make the object of the research. The idioms under analysis have been selected by the continuous sampling method from the bilingual Big EnglishRussian Phraseological Dictionary by A. V. Kunin. The descriptive method and the elements of the comparative-historical method were applied in the course of analysis. Metaphorical model GASTRONOMIC IMAGES is STATE OF A PERSON is represented by the frames ‘Physical parameters of a person’, ‘Satiety’, ‘Emotional state of a person’. The frame ‘Physical parameters of a person’ is represented by the slots ‘Constitution’, ‘State of health’. The slot ‘State of health’ is represented by lexemes denoting food and cooking attributes. Frame ‘Satiety’ is represented by slots ‘Basic need for food’, ‘State of intoxication’. Hunger and satiety are verbalized through anthropomorphic, natural and artifact metaphors. Frame ‘Emotional state of a person’ is represented by the slots ‘Pleasure’, ‘Confidence’, ‘Suffering/Humiliation’. Idioms of the English alimentary code corresponding to the given metaphorical models have been revealed. It was stated that they reflect gastronomic images. The analysis suggests the predominance of anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and artifact metaphors. Key components are represented by the lexemes denoting food, feelings of satiety and hunger, and the process of eating.


INTRODUCTION
Within the framework of the linguistic and culture paradigm, researchers' attention has been drawn to the study and description of the actualization of different cultural codes in the language (N. F. Aliferenko, D. B. Gudkov. F. N. Gukelova, V. V. Krasnyh, M. L. Kovshova, M. V. Pimenova, V. N. Telia, G. V. Tokarev, L. A. Shestak) 1, 3 p. 112, 6 p. 77. Linguistic and culture codes possess national and cultural specific features, that is why they reflect cultural peculiarities of a certain community 2 p. 111, 5 p. 129, 7 p. 60. Food products, national cuisine presented in the idioms reflect the specifics of the alimentary code of the English linguistic and culture studies and its axiological vector 6, p. 77. Idioms convey the features of a particular language as well as the originality of the worldview of people speaking it. Stylistic coloring and figurativeness are the main properties of idioms 4 p. 101, 8 p. 112. Figurativeness can make the expression more colorful, emotional, and it is embodied in speech through metaphors 13, p. 316. The analysis of the frame structure of the metaphorical models provides typical for each model frames and slots and allows us to compare them to identify universal and specific features of the world conceptualization by peoples 12, p. 182. The purpose of the article is to analyze metaphorical models presented in the idioms of the English alimentary code.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The object of the study is the metaphorical models created by the idioms of the English alimentary code. 256 idioms of the English alimentary code selected by means of continuous sampling method from the bilingual Big English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A. V. Kunin, were used as the material for the research. The descriptive method and elements of the comparative historical method were applied in the course of analyses.

RESULTS, DISCUSSION
Semantics of the idioms of alimentary food code reflects both physical and emotional state of a person. During the research, as a part of the metaphorical model GASTRONOMIC IMAGES is STATE OF A PERSON the frames 'Physical parameters of a person', 'Satiety', 'Emotional state of a person' were identified. Each frame is represented by a group of slots.
Frame 'Physical parameters of a person'.
Metaphorical expressions of the alimentary code of the English phraseology precisely define anthropocentric parameters of a person and his health. The frame 'Physical parameters of a person' is represented by the slots 'Constitution', 'State of health'.

Slot 'Constitution'
The slot 'Constitution' is represented by the idioms which often ironically characterize person's appearance. The idioms of this slot can have a negative assessment. For instance, the baron of beef 1 emphasizes fullness as a physical defect, having nothing to do with the title of 'Baron' which confirms the noble origin. The lexeme butter reflects the perception of a person's appearance in the idiom as fat as butter 2 .
A comparison with such a product as butter, which has a certain percentage of fat content, gives grounds to say that the mentioned person has a stout figure. The idiom а pudding face 3 implicates dismissive and negative attitude to the person's appearance. This slot also includes such idioms that emphasize the change in the constitution not only due to overeating but also due to pregnancy. People all around notice that the body of a pregnant woman changes. In English cultural reality, this feature is associated with pudding that is sweet and flour in general: for example, in the pudding club 4 . It is known that the food preferences of a pregnant woman change, and it allows attributing them to a kind of 'a club', i.e. a separate group with their own preferences.
Thus, the idioms of this slot are represented by the alimentary lexemes. As a rule, these are the products that are associated with weight gainfatty food and sweets, in particular: beef, butter, pudding. Negative semantics of these idioms leads to the conclusion about the negative attitude to the stout people on the part of the English linguistic culture.
Slot 'State of health'.
Health depends on proper nutrition. This concept is reflected in the English phraseology. The idioms of this slot are more often represented by lexemes denoting fruits and vegetables. For instance, the lexeme apple symbolizes healthy, natural food. When a person eats it he feels good. When people have proper and balanced nutrition, which is based mainly on vegetables and fruit, they are less likely to seek medical attention due to the absence of health problems. One of the most famous examples is the proverb an apple a day keeps the doctor away 5 . The basic human need is the need for food. Thus, the lack of nutrition has a significant impact on health. This feature is confirmed in the idiom be off one's feed 6 . However, not only lexical units symbolizing food are associated with health. The study examined artifacts and household items directly related to the alimentary code: go under the knife 7 . The lexeme knife means a table-ware actively used for cooking in the usual sense of the word. However, this lexeme has been associated with a medical instrument as an artifact metaphor in phraseology.
Thus, the slot 'State of health' is represented by various lexemes (for example, apple, knife) which symbolize not only food and eating but it also attributes to cooking.
Human's attitude towards hunger and alcohol, as well as the ways to get food are conveyed by means of metaphorical expressions of the alimentary code of the English phraseology. The frame 'Satiety' is represented by the slots 'Basic need for food', 'State of intoxication'.
Slot 'Basic need for food'.
Hunger, appetite and satiety are the most relevant human conditions associated with the alimentary code. 'Hunger'/'Satiety' are two mutually exclusive and closely connected concepts related to this slot. They can be verbalized by means of the idioms. Hunger is a strong feeling that significantly affects human condition and emotions. The state of anger and irritation is represented in the idioms by the natural metaphor. To express its significance, hunger is often hyperbolized and compared with the hunger of a dangerous predator which can do anything to get a prey: hungry as a wolf 8 . Idioms symbolizing the borderline state between hunger and the feeling that hunger occurs during a meal have been identified. For example, appetite comes with eating 9 . The artifact metaphor in the idiom play a good knife and fork 10 denotes a good appetite through the lexemes knife and fork. Word for word translation of this metaphor 'to play with a knife and fork with pleasure', i.e. to eat food with an appetite, can help to connect the primary and metaphorical meanings. However, if the appetite comes during a meal, there is not always the feeling of satiety: one's eyes are bigger than one's belly 11 . This idiom symbolizes the satiety of a person who feels that he has not satisfied his need for food up to the end. Satiety is represented by the lexeme belly, and hunger is represented by the lexeme eyes. The idioms denoting gluttony are also close to them by their meaning: to be given to one's belly 12 . Thus, hunger and satiety in phraseology are verbalized through anthropomorphic, natural and artifact metaphors. A key lexeme, which is typical for these slots, has not been identified.
There are a lot of idioms connected with alcohol or state of intoxication in the English linguistic culture. Most of the idioms reflect the state of strong intoxication through the stylistic technique of comparison. For example, blind drunk 13 . A person has drunk so much alcohol that he 'goes blind', trying to understand and realize something. The lexeme blind has a metaphorical meaning; it is related to real loss of vision to temporary 'blindness' of consciousness. Natural metaphor drink like a fish 14 dates back to the XVII century. The fish open their mouths while breathing. It gives an impression that the fish are constantly drinking. Idioms of this slot may contain a color component: drinking till all's blue 15 . The lexeme till all's blue with the connotation 'to the limit, endlessly' is the key component. Therefore, this idiom means that a person drinks until alcoholism reaches the last, most destructive and dangerous stage. In addition to obvious mockery and disapproval the idioms of this slot can have an edifying meaning: Bacchus has drowned more people than Neptune 16 , i.e. wine has killed more people than the sea. The images of the ancient Greek gods used in allegorical form means the truth about which people should remember. Thus, the lexemes drunk/drink and feast (a Dutch feast  Fun is more often associated with holidays, feasts, meals. For example, make good cheer 18 . The lexeme cheer reflects the state of fun, enjoyment of delicious food and feast. Thus, the phraseology cakes and ale 19 , first used by W. Shakespeare, has a similar connotation. In addition to their direct meaning the lexemes cake and ale have a strong association with positive emotions and fun. However, the component 'fun' has not only a reclamation characteristic. In the semantics of some idioms, fun and festivities can harm a person. For example, life is not beer and skittles 20 . The lexemes beer and skittles accurately convey the image of fun and pleasure. However, there are more worthy ways of spending leisure time in life and, therefore, it is foolish to limit yourself to entertainment and make it your priority.
The semantics of confidence in one's words and actions is also embedded in the idioms of the alimentary code. We agree with S. B. Kozinets that the lexeme can lose its primary meaning [5] and be used in a metaphorical sense: I'll eat my boots 21 . In this case, the key component is the lexeme eat, which is only used in its metaphorical meaning. It is obvious that the speaker would not eat his shoes. He only uses an artifact metaphor to express confidence in his words. The idiom I'll eat my hat 22 has the similar connotation. The idioms of this slot are usually used when a person is confident in his arguments about what he sees or hears, about what is happening. However, not only the lexeme eat is used as the key component of such idioms, but the lexemes denoting food are used, for instance, it is dollars to doughnuts 23 . In this case, it is not only about confidence, but also about the suggested bet: 'dollars to doughnuts'. However, as dollars are monetary currency, and doughnuts have no monetary value any bet in the context of this phraseology is out of the question.

Slot 'Suffering/Humiliation'.
Person's emotional state is not always associated with positive emotions and pleasure. The semantics of the state of humiliation and suffering is embedded in the idioms of the alimentary code. For example, eat the bread of affliction (humiliation/sorrows) 24 . The alimentary component of the idiom expressed by the lexeme bread points to an obvious opposition of concepts. Bread is a source of food and energy, it has a positive connotation. However, it is associated with humiliation and grief in this context. Thus, food products convey many aspects of real life in the English linguistic culture. Bread can be bitter, but it is the only food product and means of livelihood. The lexeme eat is the key component in other idioms of this slot. As it has been mentioned above, the connotation of the lexeme eat is not only 'to consume food'. It has a metaphorical, figurative meaning. For example, eat one's heart out 25 . Negative emotions affect person's state of mind if a person suffers and 'torments himself'. The anthropomorphic metaphor of this phraseology provides certain associations. In a metaphorical sense the emotional state of a person and his feelings are closely related to the heart which means a person 'eats his own heart out', succumbing to the rueful feelings more and more.
The study found that the frame 'Emotional state of a person' is represented by such slots as 'Pleasure', 'Confidence', 'Suffering/Humiliation', and the lexemes denoting the meal eat, feast, as well as the individual lexemes (for example, cake, ale, beer, skittles, doughnuts, bread), the lexemes denoting food products are the key components. Depending on the context, they can have both positive and negative connotations; some of them sometimes lose their original meaning, and have meaning only in the form of full-fledged idioms. Idioms are often used to express the person's success/failure. As a part of the metaphorical model GASTRONOMIC IMAGES are PROSPERITY OR FAILURE, the following frames can be distinguished: the frame 'Success' and the frame 'Failure'. Each frame is represented by a group of slots.
Frame 'Success'. This frame is represented by the idioms that reflect the successful human activity. For subsequent analysis, the frame 'Success' can be divided into the following slots: the slot 'Progress', the slot 'Profit', the slot 'Abundance'.
The idioms of this slot contain lexemes denoting the process and method of cooking. The construction have something done is used to convey the state of progress and prosperity metaphorically, for example: have one's cake baked [1]. In English the pattern have something done assumes that some action was performed for the speaker by another person. As a rule, this pattern reflects the service provision. So, in this context, you need to have material wealth in order to pay for the baker's services at any time. In other words, if there are funds, then there will be performers who want to get them for the work performed. The idiom have one's bread buttered on both sides has similar connotation [2, p. 107]. This example means that a person is surrounded by benefits and he reaps the fruits of his labour in all possible spheres. The artifact metaphor is represented by a small group of idioms of this slot: cook with electricity [3, p. 174] is a great example of how the idioms serve as a reflection of history. Only wealthy people could afford cooking using electric stoves in England at the end of the nineteenth century. Progressive-minded people of that time interested in the technological innovations could appreciate this novelty. The lexeme electricity is the key component that symbolizes prosperity and success.
Alimentary idioms can symbolize not only the success of an individual but also the profits of financial companies. As an example, we give two idioms similar in meaning: cut the melon and melon-cutting [1, p. 497]. Traditionally, the lexeme melon refers to a fruit, but it has acquired the meaning of a large profit in banking. Melons are large and fleshy. By analogy with the fruit, the profit may be large and there will be a necessity to distribute it among all shareholders.
In material terms the idioms with the alimentary component have the semantics of abundance. Metaphorical transfer in the idioms conveys the excess or absence of any deficiency: a land flowing with milk and honey [2, p. 434]. The lexemes milk and honey are the key components which symbolize the supposed district, nature. The supposed component river would serve as a key component of the natural metaphor, but in this case association is based only on alimentary components. Milk and honey are also symbols of prosperity and well-being. In case given in the example products are presented in sufficient numbers in the country, we can talk about true abundance. However, this slot is not always represented by the idioms which verbalize wealth and prosperity. Sometimes it is only about large numbers: as common as blackberries [3, p. 87]. The lexeme blackberry, which is the key component, means the sufficient or excessive amount of something. This berry grows in clusters, so the blackberry bush can bring a large number of berries during the harvest. Thus, the study has shown that the frame 'Success' reflects the human prosperity in a certain field of activity and it is represented by the slots 'Success', 'Profit', 'Abundance'. The key components of the idioms which represent them are cake, bread, butter, and new lexemes melon, milk and honey, blackberry denoting food products. Depending on the context, they can have both positive and negative connotations. Some of them sometimes lose their original meaning and have meaning only in the form of a full-fledged idiom.
Frame 'Failure'. This frame is represented by the idioms with semantics 'difficulty', 'failures', 'financial difficulty' which are included in the slots 'Difficulties' and 'Poverty'.
After the analysis of the idioms it was revealed that difficulties are expressed by the lexemes denoting both food and the process of food consumption: hard cheese [1, p. 144]. Hardened cheese is not suitable for eating; therefore, some obstacle will be undesirable. Obstacles can be expressed using the lexemes that represent the process: bite off more than one can chew [4, p. 85]. If you bite off an enormous piece, it will be impossible to chew it, the process of eating will become difficult, the alleged pleasure will disappear. Similarly, a person in the pursuit of success can take on a very complicated task that he cannot afford. A similar semantics is presented in the paroemia it's very hard to shave an egg [3, p. 239]. As a rule, cleaning eggs does not cause difficulties. However, in this case the idiom is associated with a complex matter because the phrase 'to shave an egg' seems illogical and impossible.
Sometimes failures are closely related to the financial situation of a person. In case of an unfavorable fate, a person is unlucky. He can lose all his possessions and lose his wealth: take the bread out of smb's mouth [1]. The lexemes out of smb's mouth and bread are the key components of this idiom. Bread does not only represent food and nutrition. It is also a guarantee of existence and a symbol of prosperity. A person deprived of bread is forced to starve, just as a person deprived of his livelihood will be left with nothing. The image of the 'dish' is also reflected in the idioms of the alimentary code: humble pie [2, p. 236]. Literally translation means that this dish is not distinguished by delights. The lexeme humble focuses on deprivation, poverty and lack of material goods. A battalia pie was considered as a food of the poor who could not afford a meat pie.
Thus, the analyzed idioms of this metaphorical model of the frame 'Failure' have the semantics of 'difficulty', 'failure', 'financial difficulty'. The lexemes bite off, hard to shave an egg, humble pie are the key components. The analyzed idioms of this metaphorical model can be a symbol of wealth or poverty. The lexemes denoting dishes and products which embody the connection with the economy and banking are also significant.