Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Relationship between Intolerance to Uncertainty, Health Cognition and Depression, Stress and Anxiety of Covid-19 Pandemic

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 69, 170 - 179, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1209521zd

Abstract

This study aims to investigate how the uncertainty created by the Covid-19 pandemic affects the levels of depression, stress and anxiety and the health-related cognition of the individuals participating in the study. Using an easily accessible sampling model, considering the pandemic process, scales were prepared and sent to the participants via Google Forms. With the web-based data collection technique, a total of 556 volunteers, 415 women 74.6% and 141 men 25.4%, were reached. The average age of the participants between the ages of 18 and 80 was found to be 33.22. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Health Cognitions Survey and Intolerance to Uncertainty Scale were used. The research emphasized that health cognition and intolerance to uncertainty are predictors of stress. Among the findings, it was emphasized that "negative self-evaluations about uncertainty" and "uncertainty preventing action" caused stress by intolerance to uncertainty. In the study, it was emphasized that there is a significant relationship between depression and anxiety, negative self-evaluations about uncertainty and uncertainty preventing taking action. In the study, intolerance to uncertainty was emphasized as a predictor of anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic process.

References

  • Altay, D. ve Yüksel, M. (Haziran, 2019). Sağlık bilişleri ölçeğinin geçerlilik güvenilirlik çalışması. V. Uluslararası Turkcess Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Tam Metin Kitapçığı, İstanbul.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M. (2011). Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1198-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009
  • Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83-91 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
  • Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality,30,29-50.
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
  • Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of anxiety disorders, 21(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
  • Dıman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437.
  • Fetzner, M. G., Horswill, S. C., Boelen, P. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and PTSD symptoms: Exploring the construct relationship in a community sample with a heterogeneous trauma history. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(4), 725-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9531-6
  • Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Personality and individual differences, 17(6), 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
  • Ge, F., Wan, M., Zheng, A., & Zhang, J. (2020). How to deal with the negative psychological impact of COVID-19 for people who pay attention to anxiety and depression. Precision Clinical Medicine, 3(3), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa023
  • Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 923-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001
  • Gica, S., Kavakli, M., Durduran, Y., & Ak, M. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on psychosomatic complaints and investigation of the mediating role of intolerance to uncertainty, biological rhythm changes and perceived COVID-19 threat in this relationship: A web-based community survey. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30(2), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.5455PCP20200514033022
  • Grenier, S., Barrette, A. M., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and intolerance of ambiguity: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 593-600.
  • Gu, Y., Gu, S., Lei, Y., & Li, H. (2020). From Uncertainty to Anxiety: How Uncertainty Fuels Anxiety in a Process Mediated by Intolerance of Uncertainty. Neural Plasticity, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8866386
  • Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Janzen, J. A., Kehler, M. D., Leclerc, J. A., Sharpe, D., & Bourgault-Fagnou, M. D. (2012). Core cognitions related to health anxiety in self-reported medical and non-medical samples. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9339-3
  • Havnen, A., Anyan, F., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Gurigard Riksfjord, M., & Hagen, K. (2020). Resilience moderates negative outcome from stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186461
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(3), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13219
  • Karataş, Z., & Tagay, Ö. (2021). The relationships between the resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey and COVID-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110592
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde kaygı ile maneviyat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 599-614. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44284
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33 (3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
  • McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behaviour Therapy, 43 (3), 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007
  • Patel, A., Sharma, P. S. V. N., Kumar, P., & Binu, V. S. (2018). Illness cognitions, anxiety, and depression in men and women undergoing fertility treatments: A dyadic approach. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 11(2), 180. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_119_17v
  • Petzold, M. B., Bendau, A., Plag, J., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell Maricic, L., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., Große, J., & Ströhle, A. (2020). Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain and Behavior, 10(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1745
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2020). Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: predictors and mediators of mental health during the covid-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76 (3), 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710
  • Sarı, S., ve Dağ, İ., (2009). The Investigation of intolerance of uncertainty, beliefs about worry and locus of control as predictors of trait anxiety. Anadolu Psıkıyatrı Dergısı-Anatolıan Journal of Psychıatry , 10, 261-270.
  • Sarıçam, H., Erguvan, F. M., Akın, A., & Akça, M. Ş. (2014). The Turkish short version of the intolerance of uncertainty (IUS-12) scale: The study of validity and reliability. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 1 (3), 148-157.
  • Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S.A., & Griffiths, M.D. (2020b). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19 . International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 2731-2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
  • Simms, A., Fear, N. T., & Greenberg, N. (2020). The impact of having inadequate safety equipment on mental health. Occupational Medicine, 70(4), 278-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa101
  • Sinyor, M., Rezmovitz, J., Zaretsky, A.(2016). Screen all for depression. BMJ, 2016:352. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.i1617
  • Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 592-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12058
  • Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
  • Wang, Y., Di, Y., Ye, J., & Wei, W. (2021). Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ) in some regions of China. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817
  • World Health Organization. (2001). The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2566704/pdf/0042_9686_79_11_1085.pdf
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ) Situation Report – 51, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-COVID-19 .pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10 :19/02/2021.
  • World Health Organization (2021). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/ :19/02/2021.
  • Yıldırım, A., Boysan, M., & Kefeli, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(5), 582-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1442558
  • Yılmaz, Ö., & Dirik, G. (2018). Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi (SBA)’nin Türkçe versiyonunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 13, 337-366.
Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 69, 170 - 179, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1209521zd

Abstract

References

  • Altay, D. ve Yüksel, M. (Haziran, 2019). Sağlık bilişleri ölçeğinin geçerlilik güvenilirlik çalışması. V. Uluslararası Turkcess Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Tam Metin Kitapçığı, İstanbul.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M. (2011). Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1198-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009
  • Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83-91 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
  • Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality,30,29-50.
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
  • Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of anxiety disorders, 21(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
  • Dıman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437.
  • Fetzner, M. G., Horswill, S. C., Boelen, P. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and PTSD symptoms: Exploring the construct relationship in a community sample with a heterogeneous trauma history. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(4), 725-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9531-6
  • Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Personality and individual differences, 17(6), 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
  • Ge, F., Wan, M., Zheng, A., & Zhang, J. (2020). How to deal with the negative psychological impact of COVID-19 for people who pay attention to anxiety and depression. Precision Clinical Medicine, 3(3), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa023
  • Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 923-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001
  • Gica, S., Kavakli, M., Durduran, Y., & Ak, M. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on psychosomatic complaints and investigation of the mediating role of intolerance to uncertainty, biological rhythm changes and perceived COVID-19 threat in this relationship: A web-based community survey. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30(2), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.5455PCP20200514033022
  • Grenier, S., Barrette, A. M., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and intolerance of ambiguity: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 593-600.
  • Gu, Y., Gu, S., Lei, Y., & Li, H. (2020). From Uncertainty to Anxiety: How Uncertainty Fuels Anxiety in a Process Mediated by Intolerance of Uncertainty. Neural Plasticity, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8866386
  • Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Janzen, J. A., Kehler, M. D., Leclerc, J. A., Sharpe, D., & Bourgault-Fagnou, M. D. (2012). Core cognitions related to health anxiety in self-reported medical and non-medical samples. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9339-3
  • Havnen, A., Anyan, F., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Gurigard Riksfjord, M., & Hagen, K. (2020). Resilience moderates negative outcome from stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186461
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(3), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13219
  • Karataş, Z., & Tagay, Ö. (2021). The relationships between the resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey and COVID-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110592
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde kaygı ile maneviyat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 599-614. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44284
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33 (3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
  • McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behaviour Therapy, 43 (3), 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007
  • Patel, A., Sharma, P. S. V. N., Kumar, P., & Binu, V. S. (2018). Illness cognitions, anxiety, and depression in men and women undergoing fertility treatments: A dyadic approach. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 11(2), 180. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_119_17v
  • Petzold, M. B., Bendau, A., Plag, J., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell Maricic, L., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., Große, J., & Ströhle, A. (2020). Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain and Behavior, 10(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1745
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2020). Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: predictors and mediators of mental health during the covid-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76 (3), 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710
  • Sarı, S., ve Dağ, İ., (2009). The Investigation of intolerance of uncertainty, beliefs about worry and locus of control as predictors of trait anxiety. Anadolu Psıkıyatrı Dergısı-Anatolıan Journal of Psychıatry , 10, 261-270.
  • Sarıçam, H., Erguvan, F. M., Akın, A., & Akça, M. Ş. (2014). The Turkish short version of the intolerance of uncertainty (IUS-12) scale: The study of validity and reliability. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 1 (3), 148-157.
  • Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S.A., & Griffiths, M.D. (2020b). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19 . International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 2731-2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
  • Simms, A., Fear, N. T., & Greenberg, N. (2020). The impact of having inadequate safety equipment on mental health. Occupational Medicine, 70(4), 278-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa101
  • Sinyor, M., Rezmovitz, J., Zaretsky, A.(2016). Screen all for depression. BMJ, 2016:352. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.i1617
  • Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 592-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12058
  • Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
  • Wang, Y., Di, Y., Ye, J., & Wei, W. (2021). Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ) in some regions of China. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817
  • World Health Organization. (2001). The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2566704/pdf/0042_9686_79_11_1085.pdf
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ) Situation Report – 51, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-COVID-19 .pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10 :19/02/2021.
  • World Health Organization (2021). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/ :19/02/2021.
  • Yıldırım, A., Boysan, M., & Kefeli, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(5), 582-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1442558
  • Yılmaz, Ö., & Dirik, G. (2018). Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi (SBA)’nin Türkçe versiyonunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 13, 337-366.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Zihniye Okray 0000-0002-9117-4991

Dilem Öke 0000-0001-6947-8000

Cemaliye Direktör 0000-0002-2249-4908

Beliz Köroğlu 0000-0002-3037-6813

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 69

Cite

APA Okray, Z., Öke, D., Direktör, C., Köroğlu, B. (2023). The Relationship between Intolerance to Uncertainty, Health Cognition and Depression, Stress and Anxiety of Covid-19 Pandemic. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 13(69), 170-179. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1209521zd

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.