Research Article
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Personal Space Preferences Depending on Behaviour at A Psychiatric Hospital Garden

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 18 - 34, 20.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1133108

Abstract

Bu çalışma yardımıyla ruh ve sinir hastalıkları hastane bahçelerinde kullanıcıların alanda gerçekleştirilen etkinliğe bağlı olarak farklı mekânlardaki doğallık ve kapalılık kriterlerine göre alan tercih farklılıklarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle 11 farklı aktivite alanı için doğallık ve kapalılık kriterleri dikkate alınarak dört farklı seçenek üretilmiştir. Bu farklılığı belirleyebilmek için Ataköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesinde yatan 101 hasta ve karşılaştırma grubu olarak ta 101 zihinsel hastalık öyküsü bulunmayan gönüllü (34 ziyaretçi, 33 peyzaj mimarı ve 34 psikiyatri stajı almış tıp fakültesi öğrencileri) olmak üzere toplam 202 hastane bahçesi kullanıcısı üzerinde araştırma yürütülmüştür. Hastaların tamamı hastanede ilaçlı tedavi gören ve hastane bahçesini bizzat kullanan hastalardır. Çalışmada, hastaların kendilerine ait kişisel alan sınırlarının diğer kullanıcı grubundan farklı olup olmadığına, hastalık tipinin ve cinsiyet farklılığının kişisel alan sınırları üzerinde etkili olup olmadığına bakılmıştır. Kullanıcıların hangi mekân ve hangi etkinlik için hangi kapalılık ve doğallık indekslerini tercih ettikleri ve bu mekânları tercih etme nedenleri sorgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak hastaların diğer kullanıcı grubuna göre kişisel mekân sınırlarının daha geniş olduğu ve daha çok kapalı mekânları istedikleri ve ayrıca her iki grubun da doğal olan seçenekleri tercih ettiği çalışma sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Etkinlik alan sınırları belirlenirken hastaların kendilerini rahat ve konforlu hissedecekleri çözümlerin üretilmesinin gerekliliği çalışma sonucunda ortaya konmuştur.

Supporting Institution

Karadeniz Technical University Scientific Research Projects

Project Number

[2006.113.003.1]

Thanks

This study was produced from the PhD thesis called ‘Open Space Therapy Unit In Psychiatric Hospitals: A Case Study Of Ataköy Psychiatric Hospital’ by Çiğdem SAKICI under the supervision of Mustafa VAR. In order to evaluate the validity and reliability of scale, necessary permissions were obtained from Trabzon Health Directore and the Karadeniz Technical University Medical Ethics Committee.

References

  • Akçayır M., & Akçayır, G. (2017). Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literatüre. Educational Research Review, 20, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.002
  • Alp, A. V. (1993). An experimental study of aesthetic response to geometric configurations of architectural space. Leonardo, 26(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.2307/1575901
  • Appleton J. (1990). The symbolism of habitat: An ınterpretation of landscape in the arts. London: University of Washington Press, p.114.
  • Appleton, J. (1996). The experience of landscape. Revised edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 296.
  • Aygün, A. H., & Erçin, Ç. (2021). Evaluation of hospital's emergency departments according to user requirements. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(1), 103-103. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p103
  • Barnhart, S. K., Perkins, N. H. & Fitzsimonds, J. (1998). Behaviour and outdoor setting preferences at a psychiatric hospital. Landscape and Urban Planning, 42(2-4), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00083-8
  • Bitter, G., & Corral, A. (2014). The pedagogical potential of augmented reality apps. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 3(10), 13-17.
  • Bower, M., Howe, C., McCredie, N., Robinson, A., & Grover, D. (2014). Augmented reality in education–cases, places and potentials. Educational Media International, 51(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2014.889400
  • Campbell, M. H. (1994). An informational approach to preference of urban waterspaces. Los Angeles, CA.
  • Carpman, J. R. & Grant, M. A. (2016). Design that cares: Planning health facilities for patients and visitors. Third Edition, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Chapter 8, pp. 173-311.
  • Clay, G. R., & Daniel, T. C. (2000). Scenic landscape assessment: The effects of land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty. Landscape and Urban Planning, 49(1–2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00055-4
  • Deus, V., & Begic, N. J. (2006). Personel space in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatria Danubina, 18(3-4), 150-158, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natasa-Jokic-Begic/publication/6697189_Personal_space_in_schizophrenia_patients/links/54d5afd70cf25013d02b9db7/Personal-space-in-schizophrenia-patients.pdf
  • Gür, Ş. Ö. (1996). Mekan örgütlenmesi. Trabzon: Gür Yayıncılık, p. 280.
  • Hoffmann, H., Kupper, Z., & Kunz, B. (1998). Predicting schizophrenic outpatients’ behavior by symptomatology and social skills. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 186(4), 214-222. https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Fulltext/1998/04000/Predicting_Schizophrenic_Outpatients__Behavior_by.3.aspx
  • Hull, R. B., & Stewart, W. P. (1992). Validity of photo-based scenic beauty judgements. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80063-5
  • Jackson, H. J., Minas, I. H., Burgess, P. M., Joshua, S. D., Charisiou, J., & Campbell, I. M. (1989). Negative symptoms and social skills performance in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, 2(6), 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(89)90014-5
  • Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1978). Humanspace: environments for people. Belmont: Duxbury Press, p. 480.
  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1990). Restorative experience: the healing power of nearby nature. In M. Francis & R.T. Hester (Eds.), The meanings of gardens: Idea, place, and action (pp. 238-243). Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Kerr, J., & Lawson, G. (2020). Augmented reality in design education: landscape architecture studies as AR experience. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 39(1), 6-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12227
  • King, S., & Dixon, M. J. (1996). The influence of expressed emotion, family dynamics, and symptom type on the social adjustment of schizophrenic young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(12), 1098- 1104. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120028007
  • Larsen, L. (1992). Nature as therapy: An assessment of schizophrenic patients’ visual preferences for outdoor environments. Master Thesis, University of Guelph, Canada.
  • Liu, S., & Huang, G. (2020). The ventilation ımprovement assessment of sky gardens-a case study of hysan place. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 440(5), p. 052033. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/440/5/052033.
  • Lotfi, Y. A., Refaat, M., El Attar, M., & Salam, A. A. (2020). Vertical gardens as a restorative tool in urban spaces of New Cairo. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11(3), 839-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.12.004
  • Mealey, L., & Theis, P. (1995). The relationship between mood and preferences among natural landscapes: An evolutionary perspective. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16(3), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00035-J
  • Nasar, J., & Lin, Y. H. (2003). Evaluative responses to five kinds of water features, short communication. Landscape Research, 28(4), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142639032000150167
  • Nechamkin, Y., Salganik, I., Modai, I., & Ponizovsky, A.M. (2003). Interpersonal distance in schızophrenic patients: relationship to negative syndrome. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 49(3), 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640030493002
  • Paine, R., Francis, C., Marcus, C.C., & Barnes, M. (1990). Hospital outdoor spaces. In C.C. Marcus, & C. Francis, (Eds.), People places: Design guidelines for urban open spaces (pp. 311-345), Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons: Canada.
  • Palmer, J. F., & Hoffman, R. E. (2001). Rating reliability and representation validity in scenic landscape assessments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 54(1-4), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00133-5
  • Pasini, M., Berto, R., Brondino, M., Hall, R. & Ortner, C. (2014). How to measure the restorative quality of environments: The PRS-11. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.375
  • Penn, D. L., Kohlmaier, J. R., & Corrigan, P. W. (2000). Interporsenal factors contributing to the stigma of schizophrenia: social skill, perceived attractiveness and symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 45(1-2), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00213-3
  • Piga, B. E. (2017). Experiential simulation for urban design: from design thinking to final presentation. In B. E. A. Piga & R. Salerno (Eds.), Urban Design and Representation (pp. 23-36). Springer: Cham,
  • Purcell, A., & Lamb, R. (1984). Landscape perception: an examination and empirical investigation of two central ıssues in the area. Journal of Environmental Management, 19(1), 31-63.
  • Purcell, A. T., Lamb, R. J., Peron, E. M., & Falchero, S. (1994). Preference or preferences for landscape?. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(3), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(94)80056-1
  • Reizenstein, J. E., & Grant, M. A. (1981). Patient and visitor preferences for outdoor courtyard design. Unpublished Research Report, Patient and Visitor Participation Project, Office of Hospital Planning, Research and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  • Ruddell, E. J., & Hammitt, W. E. (1987). Prospect refuge theory: A psychological orientation for edge effect in recreation environments. Journal of Leisure Research, 19(4), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1987.11969696
  • Sakıcı, Ç. (2009). Open space therapy unit in psychiatric hospitals: A case study of Ataköy Psychiatric hospital. PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. Sakıcı, Ç., & Var, M. (2014). A visual perception effect assessment of some large and broad-leaved trees under different lighting arrangements. Architectural Science Review, 57(2), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2013.840258
  • Semple, S. J., Petterson, T. L., Shaw, W. S., Grant, I., Moscona, S., & Jeste, D. V. (1999). Self-perceived ınterpersonal competence in older schizophrenia patients: The role of patient characteristics and psychosocial factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(2), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10833.x
  • Sommer, R. (1969). Personal Space. The Behavioral Basis of Design. New Jersey, p. 176.
  • Suresh, K., Thomas, S. V., & Suresh, G. (2011). Design, data analysis and sampling techniques for clinical research. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 14(4), 287-290. doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.91951
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research. In C. C. Marcus, & M. Barnes, (Eds.), Healing gardens: Therapeutic benefits and design recommendation (pp. 27-86). John Wiley & Sons: Canada. Torbati, H. E. (2018). The role of environmental graphic in the ıdentification of urban public spaces. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(8), 1949-1954. doi: 10.28991/cej-03091129
  • Uzunboylu, H., & Yıldız, E. P. (2016). Augmented reality research and applications in education. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 11, 238-243. Available from: www.prosoc.eu
  • Wallace, C. J. (1984). Community and interpersonal functioning in the course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Bullutin, 10(2), 233-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/10.2.233
  • Whitehouse, S. L. (1999). Healing gardens and coping with stres at a children’s hospital: A multimethod evaluation. PhD Thesis, The University of Utah, Utah.
  • Zhao, X. (2021). Application of 3D CAD in landscape architecture design and optimization of hierarchical details. Computer-Aided Design & Applications, 18(S1), 120-132.

Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastane Bahçesinde Kullanıcı Davranışına Bağlı Kişisel Alan Tercihleri

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 18 - 34, 20.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1133108

Abstract

Bu çalışma yardımıyla ruh ve sinir hastalıkları hastane bahçelerinde kullanıcıların alanda gerçekleştirilen etkinliğe bağlı olarak farklı mekânlardaki doğallık ve kapalılık kriterlerine göre alan tercih farklılıklarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle 11 farklı aktivite alanı için doğallık ve kapalılık kriterleri dikkate alınarak dört farklı seçenek üretilmiştir. Bu farklılığı belirleyebilmek için Ataköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesinde yatan 101 hasta ve karşılaştırma grubu olarak ta 101 zihinsel hastalık öyküsü bulunmayan gönüllü (34 ziyaretçi, 33 peyzaj mimarı ve 34 psikiyatri stajı almış tıp fakültesi öğrencileri) olmak üzere toplam 202 hastane bahçesi kullanıcısı üzerinde araştırma yürütülmüştür. Hastaların tamamı hastanede ilaçlı tedavi gören ve hastane bahçesini bizzat kullanan hastalardır. Çalışmada, hastaların kendilerine ait kişisel alan sınırlarının diğer kullanıcı grubundan farklı olup olmadığına, hastalık tipinin ve cinsiyet farklılığının kişisel alan sınırları üzerinde etkili olup olmadığına bakılmıştır. Kullanıcıların hangi mekân ve hangi etkinlik için hangi kapalılık ve doğallık indekslerini tercih ettikleri ve bu mekânları tercih etme nedenleri sorgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak hastaların diğer kullanıcı grubuna göre kişisel mekân sınırlarının daha geniş olduğu ve daha çok kapalı mekânları istedikleri ve ayrıca her iki grubun da doğal olan seçenekleri tercih ettiği çalışma sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Etkinlik alan sınırları belirlenirken hastaların kendilerini rahat ve konforlu hissedecekleri çözümlerin üretilmesinin gerekliliği çalışma sonucunda ortaya konmuştur.

Project Number

[2006.113.003.1]

References

  • Akçayır M., & Akçayır, G. (2017). Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literatüre. Educational Research Review, 20, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.002
  • Alp, A. V. (1993). An experimental study of aesthetic response to geometric configurations of architectural space. Leonardo, 26(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.2307/1575901
  • Appleton J. (1990). The symbolism of habitat: An ınterpretation of landscape in the arts. London: University of Washington Press, p.114.
  • Appleton, J. (1996). The experience of landscape. Revised edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 296.
  • Aygün, A. H., & Erçin, Ç. (2021). Evaluation of hospital's emergency departments according to user requirements. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(1), 103-103. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p103
  • Barnhart, S. K., Perkins, N. H. & Fitzsimonds, J. (1998). Behaviour and outdoor setting preferences at a psychiatric hospital. Landscape and Urban Planning, 42(2-4), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00083-8
  • Bitter, G., & Corral, A. (2014). The pedagogical potential of augmented reality apps. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 3(10), 13-17.
  • Bower, M., Howe, C., McCredie, N., Robinson, A., & Grover, D. (2014). Augmented reality in education–cases, places and potentials. Educational Media International, 51(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2014.889400
  • Campbell, M. H. (1994). An informational approach to preference of urban waterspaces. Los Angeles, CA.
  • Carpman, J. R. & Grant, M. A. (2016). Design that cares: Planning health facilities for patients and visitors. Third Edition, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Chapter 8, pp. 173-311.
  • Clay, G. R., & Daniel, T. C. (2000). Scenic landscape assessment: The effects of land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty. Landscape and Urban Planning, 49(1–2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00055-4
  • Deus, V., & Begic, N. J. (2006). Personel space in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatria Danubina, 18(3-4), 150-158, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natasa-Jokic-Begic/publication/6697189_Personal_space_in_schizophrenia_patients/links/54d5afd70cf25013d02b9db7/Personal-space-in-schizophrenia-patients.pdf
  • Gür, Ş. Ö. (1996). Mekan örgütlenmesi. Trabzon: Gür Yayıncılık, p. 280.
  • Hoffmann, H., Kupper, Z., & Kunz, B. (1998). Predicting schizophrenic outpatients’ behavior by symptomatology and social skills. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 186(4), 214-222. https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Fulltext/1998/04000/Predicting_Schizophrenic_Outpatients__Behavior_by.3.aspx
  • Hull, R. B., & Stewart, W. P. (1992). Validity of photo-based scenic beauty judgements. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80063-5
  • Jackson, H. J., Minas, I. H., Burgess, P. M., Joshua, S. D., Charisiou, J., & Campbell, I. M. (1989). Negative symptoms and social skills performance in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, 2(6), 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(89)90014-5
  • Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1978). Humanspace: environments for people. Belmont: Duxbury Press, p. 480.
  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1990). Restorative experience: the healing power of nearby nature. In M. Francis & R.T. Hester (Eds.), The meanings of gardens: Idea, place, and action (pp. 238-243). Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Kerr, J., & Lawson, G. (2020). Augmented reality in design education: landscape architecture studies as AR experience. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 39(1), 6-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12227
  • King, S., & Dixon, M. J. (1996). The influence of expressed emotion, family dynamics, and symptom type on the social adjustment of schizophrenic young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(12), 1098- 1104. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120028007
  • Larsen, L. (1992). Nature as therapy: An assessment of schizophrenic patients’ visual preferences for outdoor environments. Master Thesis, University of Guelph, Canada.
  • Liu, S., & Huang, G. (2020). The ventilation ımprovement assessment of sky gardens-a case study of hysan place. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 440(5), p. 052033. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/440/5/052033.
  • Lotfi, Y. A., Refaat, M., El Attar, M., & Salam, A. A. (2020). Vertical gardens as a restorative tool in urban spaces of New Cairo. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11(3), 839-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.12.004
  • Mealey, L., & Theis, P. (1995). The relationship between mood and preferences among natural landscapes: An evolutionary perspective. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16(3), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00035-J
  • Nasar, J., & Lin, Y. H. (2003). Evaluative responses to five kinds of water features, short communication. Landscape Research, 28(4), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142639032000150167
  • Nechamkin, Y., Salganik, I., Modai, I., & Ponizovsky, A.M. (2003). Interpersonal distance in schızophrenic patients: relationship to negative syndrome. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 49(3), 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640030493002
  • Paine, R., Francis, C., Marcus, C.C., & Barnes, M. (1990). Hospital outdoor spaces. In C.C. Marcus, & C. Francis, (Eds.), People places: Design guidelines for urban open spaces (pp. 311-345), Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons: Canada.
  • Palmer, J. F., & Hoffman, R. E. (2001). Rating reliability and representation validity in scenic landscape assessments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 54(1-4), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00133-5
  • Pasini, M., Berto, R., Brondino, M., Hall, R. & Ortner, C. (2014). How to measure the restorative quality of environments: The PRS-11. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.375
  • Penn, D. L., Kohlmaier, J. R., & Corrigan, P. W. (2000). Interporsenal factors contributing to the stigma of schizophrenia: social skill, perceived attractiveness and symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 45(1-2), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00213-3
  • Piga, B. E. (2017). Experiential simulation for urban design: from design thinking to final presentation. In B. E. A. Piga & R. Salerno (Eds.), Urban Design and Representation (pp. 23-36). Springer: Cham,
  • Purcell, A., & Lamb, R. (1984). Landscape perception: an examination and empirical investigation of two central ıssues in the area. Journal of Environmental Management, 19(1), 31-63.
  • Purcell, A. T., Lamb, R. J., Peron, E. M., & Falchero, S. (1994). Preference or preferences for landscape?. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(3), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(94)80056-1
  • Reizenstein, J. E., & Grant, M. A. (1981). Patient and visitor preferences for outdoor courtyard design. Unpublished Research Report, Patient and Visitor Participation Project, Office of Hospital Planning, Research and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  • Ruddell, E. J., & Hammitt, W. E. (1987). Prospect refuge theory: A psychological orientation for edge effect in recreation environments. Journal of Leisure Research, 19(4), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1987.11969696
  • Sakıcı, Ç. (2009). Open space therapy unit in psychiatric hospitals: A case study of Ataköy Psychiatric hospital. PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. Sakıcı, Ç., & Var, M. (2014). A visual perception effect assessment of some large and broad-leaved trees under different lighting arrangements. Architectural Science Review, 57(2), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2013.840258
  • Semple, S. J., Petterson, T. L., Shaw, W. S., Grant, I., Moscona, S., & Jeste, D. V. (1999). Self-perceived ınterpersonal competence in older schizophrenia patients: The role of patient characteristics and psychosocial factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(2), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10833.x
  • Sommer, R. (1969). Personal Space. The Behavioral Basis of Design. New Jersey, p. 176.
  • Suresh, K., Thomas, S. V., & Suresh, G. (2011). Design, data analysis and sampling techniques for clinical research. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 14(4), 287-290. doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.91951
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research. In C. C. Marcus, & M. Barnes, (Eds.), Healing gardens: Therapeutic benefits and design recommendation (pp. 27-86). John Wiley & Sons: Canada. Torbati, H. E. (2018). The role of environmental graphic in the ıdentification of urban public spaces. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(8), 1949-1954. doi: 10.28991/cej-03091129
  • Uzunboylu, H., & Yıldız, E. P. (2016). Augmented reality research and applications in education. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 11, 238-243. Available from: www.prosoc.eu
  • Wallace, C. J. (1984). Community and interpersonal functioning in the course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Bullutin, 10(2), 233-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/10.2.233
  • Whitehouse, S. L. (1999). Healing gardens and coping with stres at a children’s hospital: A multimethod evaluation. PhD Thesis, The University of Utah, Utah.
  • Zhao, X. (2021). Application of 3D CAD in landscape architecture design and optimization of hierarchical details. Computer-Aided Design & Applications, 18(S1), 120-132.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Landscape Architecture
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

Çiğdem Sakıcı 0000-0001-5369-4876

Mustafa Var 0000-0002-3996-2608

Project Number [2006.113.003.1]
Early Pub Date March 16, 2023
Publication Date March 20, 2023
Submission Date June 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sakıcı, Ç., & Var, M. (2023). Personal Space Preferences Depending on Behaviour at A Psychiatric Hospital Garden. Kent Akademisi, 16(1), 18-34. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1133108

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