Abstract
The transformations in production and labour market of the last decades and the stormy global economic crisis have diversified and made particularly difficult the conditions for the inclusion of people with disabilities into the labour market and the society in general. Students with disabilities are at high risk of unemployment and a high percentage of those who work are employed in low-paid jobs. Employment is vital for them not only for a dignified life, but also for active participation in the community. In general, they face several limitations when trying to find or maintain a job they already have. It is a common belief that people with disabilities are not able to work, except perhaps in separate and Sheltered work environments (sheltered employment) where they will be safe enough. Such negative attitudes affect decisively their success or failure to secure a job or maintain an existing one. Sheltered employment has been at the core of the vocational training and employment system for young people with significant intellectual disabilities throughout the twentieth century, and most of them continue to work within isolated and Sheltered areas. According to our literature review the emergence of supported forms of employment has brought forward a real alternative, especially for students with intellectual disabilities. Unlike the sheltered and segregated forms of employment, supported employment enables paid employment, within the community, under conditions of continuous support, and has proven to be more effective over time. Based on the concept of self-determination it emphasizes personal strengths, goals and choices and the important role of the community for the improvement and development of the disabled individual.
Keywords
Students with Disabilities Secondary Special Education Vocational Training Sheltered Employment Supported Employment
References
- Bellamy, G., Rhodes, L., Bourbeau, P., & Mank, D. (1986). Mental retardation services in sheltered workshops and day activity programs: Consumer benefits and policy alternatives. In F. Rusch (Ed.), Competitive employment issues and strategies (pp. 257-271). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company.
- Blanck, P. (2008). “The right to live in the world”: disability yesterday, today and tomorrow. Texas Journal on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights 13, 367-401.
- Blanck, P., Hill, E., Siegal, C., Waterstone, M. (2009). Disability civil rights law and policy. 2nd ed. Thomson/West Publishers.
- Blanck, P., Schartz, H., Schartz, K. (2003). Labor force participation and income of individuals with disabilities in sheltered and competitive employment: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of seven states during the 1980s and 1990s. William and Mary Law Review 44:1029-1108.
- Dague, B. (2012). Sheltered employment, sheltered lives: Family perspectives of conversion to community-based employment. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 37, 1-11.
- Drake, R., Skinner, J., Bond, G., Goldman, H. (2009). Social Security and mental illness: Reducing disability with supported employment. Health Affairs, 28, 761–770.
- Dreilinger D., S. Gilmore and J. Butterworth (2001), National day and employment service trends in MR/DD agencies. Research to Practice 7(3), 2–3.
- European Commission, (2011): Supported Employment for people with disabilities in the EU and EFTA-EEA good practices and recommendations in support of a flexicurity approach. Study Report.
- Hedlund, M. (2000). Disability as a phenomenon: A discourse of social and biological understanding. Disability and Society.
- International Labour Organization (2007). ILO calls for new efforts to support people with disabilities in the world work.
- Kregel, J., & Dean, D. (2002). Sheltered vs. supported employment: a direct comparison of long-term earnings outcomes for individuals with cognitive disabilities. In: Achievements and Challenges in Employment Services for People with Disabilities: The Longitudinal Impact of Workplace Supports Monograph, 63-83. Virginia Commonwealth University.
- Magoulios, G, Trichopoulou, A. (2012), Employment status for people with disabilities in Greece, South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 1, 25-40.
- Marshall, T., Goldberg, R., Braude, L., Dougherty, R, Daniels, A., Ghose, S., George, P., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. (2014). Supported employment: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65 (1), 16-23.
- McLoughlin, C., Garner, B. & Callahan, M. (1987). Getting employed, staying employed: Job development and training for persons with severe handicaps. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes Pub. Co.: 1-239.
- Murphy, S., & Rogan, P. (1995). Closing the shop: Conversion from sheltered to integrated employment. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
- Myhill, W., Blanck, P. (2009). Disability and aging: historical and contemporary challenges. Marquette Elder’s Advisor.
- O’Neil, J.O., Mamun, A.A., Potamites, E., Chan, F. & da Solve Cardoso, E. (2015). Return to work of disability insurance beneficiaries who do and do not access state vocational rehabilitation agency services. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 26(2), 111-123.
- Parent, W. (2004). Supported and customized employment.
- Petty, J., (2007). The Riot! Jobs Issue, Newsletter of the Self- Advocate Leadership Network, Issue 14, Human Services Research Institute.
- Rusch, F.R. (1986). Competitive employment issues and strategies. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes Pub. Co.
- Shapiro, J.P. (1994). No pity. New York: Times Books.
- Taylor, J., & Seltzer, M. (2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566-574
- Taylor, J. (2002). Disabled workers deserve real choices, real jobs.
- Wehman, P. (2012), Supported Employment: What is it? Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37, 139–142.
- Wehman, P., Schall, C., Carr, S., Targett, P., West, M., & Cifu, G. (2014). Transition from school to adulthood for youth with autism spectrum disorder: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 25(1), 30–40.
- Wehman, P., Taylor, J., Brooke, V., Avellone, L., Whittenburg, H., Ham, W., Carr, S. (2018). Toward Competitive Employment for Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: What Progress Have We Made and Where Do We Need to Go. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 43(3), 131-144.
- West, M., Targett, P., Wehman, P., Cifu, G. & Davis, J. (2015). Separation from supported employment: a retrospective chart review study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(12), 1055-1059.
- Wilhelm, S., & Robinson, J. (2013). The Economic Impact of Utah’s Vocational Rehabilitation Program. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 24(3), 148–157.
- World Health Organisation (2001). ICΙDH: International classification of functioning, disability, and health.
- Wright, B. (2004). Redefining disability to promote equality: The role of disability studies in educating occupational therapists. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24.
Abstract
References
- Bellamy, G., Rhodes, L., Bourbeau, P., & Mank, D. (1986). Mental retardation services in sheltered workshops and day activity programs: Consumer benefits and policy alternatives. In F. Rusch (Ed.), Competitive employment issues and strategies (pp. 257-271). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company.
- Blanck, P. (2008). “The right to live in the world”: disability yesterday, today and tomorrow. Texas Journal on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights 13, 367-401.
- Blanck, P., Hill, E., Siegal, C., Waterstone, M. (2009). Disability civil rights law and policy. 2nd ed. Thomson/West Publishers.
- Blanck, P., Schartz, H., Schartz, K. (2003). Labor force participation and income of individuals with disabilities in sheltered and competitive employment: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of seven states during the 1980s and 1990s. William and Mary Law Review 44:1029-1108.
- Dague, B. (2012). Sheltered employment, sheltered lives: Family perspectives of conversion to community-based employment. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 37, 1-11.
- Drake, R., Skinner, J., Bond, G., Goldman, H. (2009). Social Security and mental illness: Reducing disability with supported employment. Health Affairs, 28, 761–770.
- Dreilinger D., S. Gilmore and J. Butterworth (2001), National day and employment service trends in MR/DD agencies. Research to Practice 7(3), 2–3.
- European Commission, (2011): Supported Employment for people with disabilities in the EU and EFTA-EEA good practices and recommendations in support of a flexicurity approach. Study Report.
- Hedlund, M. (2000). Disability as a phenomenon: A discourse of social and biological understanding. Disability and Society.
- International Labour Organization (2007). ILO calls for new efforts to support people with disabilities in the world work.
- Kregel, J., & Dean, D. (2002). Sheltered vs. supported employment: a direct comparison of long-term earnings outcomes for individuals with cognitive disabilities. In: Achievements and Challenges in Employment Services for People with Disabilities: The Longitudinal Impact of Workplace Supports Monograph, 63-83. Virginia Commonwealth University.
- Magoulios, G, Trichopoulou, A. (2012), Employment status for people with disabilities in Greece, South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 1, 25-40.
- Marshall, T., Goldberg, R., Braude, L., Dougherty, R, Daniels, A., Ghose, S., George, P., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. (2014). Supported employment: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65 (1), 16-23.
- McLoughlin, C., Garner, B. & Callahan, M. (1987). Getting employed, staying employed: Job development and training for persons with severe handicaps. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes Pub. Co.: 1-239.
- Murphy, S., & Rogan, P. (1995). Closing the shop: Conversion from sheltered to integrated employment. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
- Myhill, W., Blanck, P. (2009). Disability and aging: historical and contemporary challenges. Marquette Elder’s Advisor.
- O’Neil, J.O., Mamun, A.A., Potamites, E., Chan, F. & da Solve Cardoso, E. (2015). Return to work of disability insurance beneficiaries who do and do not access state vocational rehabilitation agency services. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 26(2), 111-123.
- Parent, W. (2004). Supported and customized employment.
- Petty, J., (2007). The Riot! Jobs Issue, Newsletter of the Self- Advocate Leadership Network, Issue 14, Human Services Research Institute.
- Rusch, F.R. (1986). Competitive employment issues and strategies. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes Pub. Co.
- Shapiro, J.P. (1994). No pity. New York: Times Books.
- Taylor, J., & Seltzer, M. (2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566-574
- Taylor, J. (2002). Disabled workers deserve real choices, real jobs.
- Wehman, P. (2012), Supported Employment: What is it? Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37, 139–142.
- Wehman, P., Schall, C., Carr, S., Targett, P., West, M., & Cifu, G. (2014). Transition from school to adulthood for youth with autism spectrum disorder: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 25(1), 30–40.
- Wehman, P., Taylor, J., Brooke, V., Avellone, L., Whittenburg, H., Ham, W., Carr, S. (2018). Toward Competitive Employment for Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: What Progress Have We Made and Where Do We Need to Go. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 43(3), 131-144.
- West, M., Targett, P., Wehman, P., Cifu, G. & Davis, J. (2015). Separation from supported employment: a retrospective chart review study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(12), 1055-1059.
- Wilhelm, S., & Robinson, J. (2013). The Economic Impact of Utah’s Vocational Rehabilitation Program. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 24(3), 148–157.
- World Health Organisation (2001). ICΙDH: International classification of functioning, disability, and health.
- Wright, B. (2004). Redefining disability to promote equality: The role of disability studies in educating occupational therapists. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 4, 2022 |
| Submission Date | July 9, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022Volume: 8 Issue: 23 |
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